Text Messaging a New Language free essay sample

A New Language When I found content informing I was astonished at how quick and simple it was. I could hold a discussion with somebody without being up close and personal or via telephone. I could compose anything I needed to with no constraints. Some instant messages were simply silly discussions and afterward some had significance and direness. There has been ordinarily where I have held up in a short of breath state to get a message. Text informing for me opens up another universe of composing. It has improved my composing immensely and helped support my certainty. The most significant impact is the facilitate that it offers somebody to stand up. Text informing breaks the boundaries of typical composition and upgrades ordinary structure. At the point when you get an instant message the principal thing you do is understood it. At that point you can appreciate voicing your own sentiment. You can type anything to express what is on your mind. We will compose a custom exposition test on Text Messaging: a New Language or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The best part about content informing is you can make anything short and basic. There have been a great deal of times where one instant message has affected me. At the point when one of my old buddies would get me before school I would consistently be anticipating a message telling me he is outside. What's more, when I got it I wouldn’t dither to message back the typical reaction, â€Å"coming. † The seemingly insignificant details are consistently decent yet then there are the more dire instant messages. The day my father revealed to me my grandmother died was through an instant message. It wasn’t a stun however I was as yet disturbed. It didn’t prevent me from sending one back asking how my mother was dealing with it. Each instant message an individual gets calls them the chance or to compose back. The manner in which you compose an instant message shows the state of mind or brain outline you are in. The main issue is some of the time individuals state one thing however mean another. The manner in which you type something can differently affect the individual understanding it. At the point when I sent a content to my sister disclosing how she expected to do a basic task around the house she got me going crazy. She thought I was hollering at her for not doing it. I cleared up the circumstance however the setting of an instant message is significant. Cases like that have instructed me to be cautious about how I compose something. This exercise shows that in any event, with regards to papers you should be cautious about what an individual composes. It takes just several seconds to react to an instant message. I’m great at performing multiple tasks so in any event, when I am up to speed I can at present figure out how to type somebody back. The simplicity of holding a discussion and the steady to and fro acting has improved my composition. Individuals state careful discipline brings about promising results. At the point when you go through the entire day messaging your companions there is going to give some improvement. It communicates over to my composition. It has supported my certainty and has additionally helped my stream as an author. My call to compose centers around an outline of how messaging has improved my composition. It communicates how I have a chance to communicate my feelings. I have discovered that the setting of a paper is significant. At last, my certainty composing has expanded and furthermore how it has helped my stream when composing papers. In general I accept text informing is another type of organization that everybody can identify with. The open door for somebody to compose throughout the day is an advantage others don’t have and I am extremely grateful I have had the option to be a piece of the digital development. Intelligent Memo Does my proficiency occasion examination give sufficient data to my crowd? How? How explicit is my paper and what might I be able to improve? How does my draft react all in all to the evaluating rules? How is my progression of the paper? How is my association of the paper? Does everything make an association with the general theme? What are a few things I could improve? How is my punctuation of the paper? What would i be able to improve?

EVISION THE FUTURE essays

EVISION THE FUTURE papers As the 21st century day breaks in front of us, the future holds what is by all accounts the best progressions of our human progress. Man has made some amazing progress since the principal PC was developed. It is from that huge beast that we have become off of, (possibly that represents the terrible beige metal boxes PCs are housed in). At that point along came wires and at the current we are starting the wire-less age. What lies past that might be the response to all of man-sorts issues. Keep in mind the block? Otherwise called a rough mobile phone, it denoted the start of the phone age. In view of that telephone we presently have a mammoth cluster of phones and extras. Without a doubt, theres the standard wireless that looks cool, speed-dials from a phonebook, and had a schedule. This previous year it is currently viewed as pass. On the off chance that you need to satisfy the status of a CEO, (or simply need to act like one), at that point having a PDA with web abilities is an unquestionable requirement. So as the palm pilot goes in the innovative junk receptacle, mobile phones that approach the web are turning into the pioneers in the worldwide business. As opposed to snapping on a modem, this new variety of mobile phones takes into account web perusing. These telephones get all the nuts and bolts, for example, sports scores, news, stock statements, email and even book requesting from Amazon.com. What's more, any page that a designer has intended for Wireless Application Protocol, or WAP. America Online and Sprint PCS have as of late cut an arrangement though clients can get their email and utilize Instant Messenger on their web prepared mobile phones. Mobile phone creators, because of the rising interest in PDA web-perusing, are expanding extra room on their telephones. They are likewise making the screens bigger so that up to around 11 lines of content can be seen on the small screen. These mobile phone organizations are helping start the remote upheaval that will surprise the world. The wonderful abilities mobile phones no... <!

How TV And Internet Interfere With Children And Adolescents Behavior Article

How TV And Internet Interfere With Children And Adolescents Behavior Article How TV And Internet Interfere With Children And Adolescents Behavior â€" Article Example > 7 August 2006How T. V. and the Internet Influence the Behaviors of Teens and AdolescentsFor many years now there have been many quantifiable studies carried out on the behavior characteristics of teens and preteens who are subjected to large amounts of exposure to the Internet and Television. These studies have shown that those who spend more than 3 hours a day watching television and engaging in activities on the computer are more apt to fall in-behind on their school studies and be more prone to attitude and behavior problems than other kids in their age bracket are (Shifrin 2006, pg. 448). Some of the main concerns that sociologists and psychologists have with children who have overexposure to these media sources is in what they are actually exposed too. On the Internet there are images that can be considered pornographic which present themselves all the time. Even many of the sites that are considered to be comic and totally for recreational purposes have started becoming more explicit. If parents are not readily around to monitor what their children are being confronted with through media entertainment then a more psychological problem begins to occur, especially if the material is not suitable for young viewers (Newman 2006, pg. 10). A huge reason for concern is in how the images impact these young viewers. This is explicitly true when there is an issue of violence that is of a very real nature, such as the Oklahoma City Bombings from years ago or more recently September 11. Although these current issues are a few years old now, many children can still suffer emotional strain if they are overexposed to the events still ongoing, such as terrorism. Children are to young to have to be worried about issues of threats such as terrorism regardless of how very real they are or not. This is a parent’s world and they should be controlling how much reality T. V. that children are actually viewing whether it is the news, documentaries, or basic cartoon shows. Too much violence is not good for children to be exposed too period (Duggal et al 2002, pg. 494). Children do have a toleration level, just as adults do and they can not comprehend violence in reality the way that adults can. Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Pediatricians, Sociologists, and other adults who work with children can attest to the facts of what too much violence on television, the internet, and on the news can do to the minds of preteens and other young adolescent kids. They can develop PTSD with the same probability as an adult can when they are exposed to images and programs that they simply have a hard time relating too (Cavendish 1997, pg. 6). Exposure to world events such as the War in Iraq and the terrorist activities ongoing in other parts of the world are just a few of the very real issues that children can become threatened by and have emotional problems dealing with. This isn’t to say that keeping children abreast of what is happening in the world is bad but what it is saying is that a parent needs to know when to limit allowing a child to sit and watch violent news programs to them that show death and carnage for an extensive period of time, such as the immediate coverage of the war, etc. Seeing to much violence can also promote very aggressive tendencies within some children who are already having behavioral problems, or so sociologists claim.

God Is Actively With His Creation - 938 Words

Fedner Faustin MLA THEO 201 B10 God is Actively Involved with His Creation Everything that God created, He said that they were good. He created the Heavens and the earth, and everything in them, and they were all good (Genesis 1). Believe it or not, everything that God created can be used for the good and for the maintenance of his creation. Even the insects that we consider as nuisances are often used for the protection and the reproduction of some plants. As a Christian I believe that God is actively involved with his creation. Whatever a Christian chooses as vocation, this belief will have great impact on the way he or she interacts with people. God is actively involved with his creation means that God is consistently preserving his creation no matter what. After the fall, humanity has turned away from God; they have been living a sinful life, but God does not reject us. He gave us the power to become his sons through Jesus Christ, so we are still creatures in his image, and he continues to sustain us. God is immanent, meaning that He indwells the universe. The Bible teaches us that there is no place the presence of God does not penetrate. In Psalm 139, it is clearly shown that God fills the universe and everything is under his control. In Jeremiah 23:24 it says â€Å"Can a man hide himself in secret places so that I cannot see him? Declares the LORD. Do I not fill heaven and earth? Declares the LORD.† God does not only indwells the universe, but he also indwells us asShow MoreRelatedThe Christian Faith990 Words   |  4 Pagesbelief that God is actively working in His creation. God did not create the world and leave it to its own fate. Instead, God is still actively involved in every part of His creation today. This belief is crucial for the Christian scientists in today’s world. Ones who study cells and molecules can discover how astounding and detailed God, the Creator, is with this belief in mind. God is working through his seen and unseen creation. In the tiniest cell, God’s workmanship can be displayed. God made eachRead MoreTheo 201 Final Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesChristian faith is the belief that God is actively involved with His creation. God has always been actively involved with His creation since the beginning of man’s first appearance on planet earth. God has used prophets and judges to express and communicate his message to His people who extended from the promise He made with Abraham. God saved his creation of humanity eternally from their sins when He sent His son Jesus as the messiah to earth. God has extended his doctrines of grace, love, mercyRead MoreBiblical Worldview : God s Providence Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction God created the entire universe. Some people believe that God created the world but then took a step back and is not actively involved in His Creation. The Bible shows that God does in fact have a plan and He is actively involved in the world to make that plan happen. The idea of God being actively involved in maintaining His creation is called providence. This idea of providence means that ultimately God is in control and that God’s people need not be afraid of sin triumphing over His planRead MoreGod s View Of God947 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the beginning to the end of time God has been, is, and will be actively involved with His creation. It is part of God’s nature to have care and compassion for what He has made. Specifically, for the purpose of this paper we will look at God’s guidance in the interactions of His prized creation: man. â€Å"The Lord looks from heaven; He sees all the sons of men; from His dwelling place He looks out on all the inhabitants of the earth, He who fashions the hearts of them all, He who understands allRead MoreBiblical Studies: Doctrine of the Christian Church1014 Words   |  4 PagesThe doctrine or belief that God is actively involved with His creation plays a large role in the way in which people particularly members of the Christian Church and people in general interact with those within a chosen vocation. On a fundamental level, this notion implies a degree of deference, if not outright reverence, that people have for those within a certain vocation. Additionally, this doctrine helps to reinforce the feeling and manifestations of faith in the person participating in a certainRead MoreEssay about Creation794 Words   |  4 PagesJerri Shirley Turabian Theo 201 B14 Creation â€Å"Is God actively involved?† â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.† (Gen 1:1-2) God has been involved with creation since inception and He continues His involvement today in each and every one of us, whether we recognize Him or not. Without God humans, plants, animals and the things thatRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Knowledge For His Kingdom1232 Words   |  5 PagesKnowledge for His Kingdom The Westminster Catechism’s first question asks, â€Å"What is the chief end of man?† The answer: â€Å"The chief end of man is to glorify God and enjoy Him forever.† This can be applied to all aspects of life, but especially education By listening to lectures given by various professors in the Christian Mind course and personally experiencing my first semester as a student here, I have found that in order to faithfully pursue a college education, I must glorify God in everythingRead MoreBiblical Worldview Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagestheistic and biblical worldview foundation; thus being the center of much debate. In light of the various views within Christian theology, we will focus specifically on doctrine that is foundational to the Christian faith: The belief the God is actively involved in His creation. Furthermore, we will examine how this belief (doctrine) affects the way we interact with people in a chosen vocation. Through Bible Scriptures and Dani el Akin’s textbook A Theology for the Church, we will show evidence to supportRead MoreThe Signs Of The Gospel Of John Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesnot believe unless he personally sees and feels Jesus for himself. To which, on His appearance, Jesus said to him, â€Å"Because you have seen Me, have you believed? Blessed are they who did not see, and yet believed.† Although the gospel of John is clear that Jesus preformed many signs that are not recorded, he states that the ones he records are for the purpose that those who have not seen may believe and â€Å"have life in His name.† Therefore, the eight signs John chooses are very important. These signsRead MoreAnalysis Of Jenson s The Call Of Abraham And Moses 1092 Words   |  5 Pagespainting a vivid image of the non-Israelite models of creation, Jenson paints a vivid image of what Israelite creation is precisely not: Israelite creation rejects both antecedent conditions and the notion of the uninvolved deist God. Once the image of a contra-Israelite creation had been painted, Jenson begins to wield scripture as the truth-seeking gauge to define what Israelite creation actually is. The rejection of the antecedent conditions of creation manifest itself for Jenson in the book of Genesis

Do Adolescents in the Criminal Justice System Have a...

Does Adolescents in the Criminal Justice System have a Chance of Success? Many children today are growing up without parents or some kind of legal guardian. When children do not have some type of support system to keep them motivated, more than half of them turn to the streets. Growing up as a teenager alone is very hard. They have no one to turn to, no one to talk to, help them when they need it, someone to just call a friend. Teens need some kind of motivation to keep them going each day. More and more teens today are committing crimes and being tried as adults. Even at the young age of 13. This review considers whether or not adolescents in the criminal justice system have a chance of success by acknowledging the following†¦show more content†¦He was a young African American in his late 20’s. He has a home, education, and a profession (Chura, 2010). It wasn’t always this way for Andrew though. His mother was Schizophrenic and was placed in a long term care and Andrew jumped around from home to home. Without having his family ther e with him, he had no one to teach him right from wrong. He made many careless mistakes in his life, which caused him to receive many felony charges. He was later sent to a state prison. He realized that the prison life is not the way he wanted to live his life. He got himself enrolled in school and got his GED. He also got himself into counseling because he wanted to get help. He later enrolled in a community college and excelled even while working 2 or 3 part time jobs to support himself. He slept in the back of a pizzeria where he was employed. After finishing his Associate’s degree, he earned a scholarship to a Bronx college where he received his BA in social work. He also got another scholarship to Fordham University Graduate school of Social work. In 2008, he earned his MSW and the recognition of the New York State social work Educators Association. He now works at a county youth Bureau, helping at risk kids navigate the minefield of the streets (Chura, 2010). Anyone ca n do anything that is possible; if they want it bad enough. The Criminal Justice System stereotypes so many adolescents and never gives them a chance to succeed in life. Just because some adolescentsShow MoreRelatedIncarceration Of Youth And Its Effects On Reducing Crime Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesvery little positive impact on reducing crime. Incarcerating youth have posed greater problems such as expenses, limited education, lack of employment, and effect on juveniles’ mental and physical well-being. In today’s society there has been an increase in the crimes committed by juveniles. Most juveniles have underlining factors that have caused them to choose this type of lifestyle. Many children in the juvenile system have come from impoverish stricken neighborhoods and are festered with gangRead MoreThe Challenges Of Spectrum Human Services1435 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily issues, and poor choices that lead to truancy, fighting, burglary, murder, and etc. Some adolescent often learned how to commit crime from the peers they hang with and cannot understand the consequences of their actions and crimes. This is why Calumet and Lincoln treatment center was created for troubled youth. They used to treat distressed girls, but figured it would be better to focus more on adolescent boys instead and the majority of juveniles in the program are black males. Calumet and LincolnRead MoreThe Issue Of Adult Courts And Prisons1632 Words   |  7 PagesAs the world advances, so do the expectations for teens to not only do well, but also excel in both academics and life. However, teens are constantly pressured to perform at even higher standards, in hopes that they might guarantee a spot in the workforce. Because of this, it is no wonder that the well being of teens’ mental health has become an issue in which suicides now account for a third of teen deaths. These children need help, which only society can provide; yet instead of heeding their criesRead MoreIncarcerating Kids Destroys American Society Essay example1801 Words   |  8 Pagesof growing up. But what if just one wrong decision could mean the difference between a normal childhood and spending the rest of adolesence behind cold steel bars with cruel and vicious adult criminals? Unfortunately for a growing number of young teenagers, their reality is never being given a sec ond chance to change or correct their mistakes. Why? Some may ask, because instead of attending school, learning the difference between right and wrong, and finding out about themselves and life, theyRead MoreAt-Risk Minority Males : The 100 % Graduation Rate Program1258 Words   |  6 Pagesto develop collaboration between the business, academic, and service communities in inner cities to encourage these males to stay in school and reach their full potential, and to reduce the likelihood, that they will become involved in the criminal justice system by addressing several areas of their academic and social development. Intervention and Prevention In keeping with the goals and objectives of the CBT model, the program is designed to reduce and reverse Academic problems2 of an underservedRead MoreFice Of Juvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention1617 Words   |  7 Pagescitizen. The federal government even formed an office called the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention that operates under United States department of Justice to attempt â€Å"by supporting states, local communities, and tribal jurisdictions in their efforts to develop and implement effective programs for juveniles†. (Howell, J. C., Wilson, J. J., Reno, J., Marcus, D., Leary, M. L.) The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established a policy that enables communities officialsRead MoreLast Chance in Texas: The Redemption of Criminal Youth1424 Words   |  6 Pages1. Name and quick summary of book: Last Chance in Texas: The Redemption of Criminal Youth, by John Hubner, follows Hubner as he observes the â€Å"worst of the worst† juvenile offenders at Giddings State School. This treatment program is truly a â€Å"last chance† for may of the adolescents there – their last chance to change the direction of their lives before ending up in jail. Hubner takes the reader through a gripping and emotional journey as the teenagers go through the Capitol Offenders group andRead MoreModification Of The Juvenile Justice System And The Affect On The Future Of Our Youth1814 Words   |  8 Pages Modification in the Juvenile Justice System and the Affect on the Future of our Youth Michelle Fleeton Auburn University at Montgomery Abstract The Juvenile Justice System (JJS) has transformed tremendously over the last 300 years. From adolescents and adults being charged with the same brutality, to the introduction of rehabilitation and diversion programs. As time went on and new political policies were brought forward in the courts, the crime rates fluctuated until the late 1900s and withRead MoreInsight Into Criminal Behavior Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Juvenile exposure to criminal behavior increases the chances that those individuals will also engage in criminal behavior. Research gives us insight to prevent or reduce criminality and rehabilitate violators of the law that engage in criminal behavior. What causes people to commit crimes? Interdisciplinary criminology gives us a better understanding from several fields of study of a better understanding of crime. Influential factors that influence criminal behaviors are psychological, sociologicalRead MorePast Offenders Are Neglected And Vulnerable984 Words   |  4 Pagesleaving a â€Å"negative effect on employers willingness to hire† (ALBRIGHT DENQ, 1996) when being compared to law abiding citizens with no history of breaking the law. It’s assumed, previous offenders who no longer yearn the desire to participate in criminal behavior can be a great asset to troubled teens. Past offenders offer the unique personal experience of offering mentoring skills which reac h beyond one’s educational knowledge and experience. Past offenders will be relied upon to develop customized

The Etruscans †Ancient History Free Essays

The Etruscans The Etruscan civilisation is distinguished by its unique language and its beautiful art. The Etruscan economy was based on agriculture, trade and mineral resources. We also know the greeks traded with the Etruscans because the Etruscan alphabet is similar to the greek one. We will write a custom essay sample on The Etruscans – Ancient History or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Etruscans are thought to have either been â€Å"native† to Italy or to have migrated from Lydia Lydia ina round 800bc beause of famine. Etruscan cities were very powerful and were though to have been ruled by â€Å"The Etruscan League† which was (according to roman legend) founded by two Lydian noblemen; Tarchun and his brother Tyrrhenus. The league was made up of 12 cities but which twelve exactly is unsure. Each city state met once a year where a leader was chosen to represent the league. The league was both religious and political. Etruscan homes were mud-brick, with timber on stone foundations, some with upper stories. Some etruscns even had underground drains leading to main sewage drains located under the streets! Etruscans did a lot of farming, they grew barley, millet, wheat, grapes and other fruits and they raised pigs, goats, sheep, ducks, chickens and cattle. Cattle was used for food and to pull plows and wagons. Etruscan miners dug copper, lead, iron and tin. Metal workers and sculptors turned metals into weapons, utensils, jewellery and sculpture. Etruscans were famous for their art, especially in bronze and clay. Etruscans also enjoyed many forms of entertainment including gambling with ivory dice, music and dancing (for religious reasons and pleasure), playing board games similar to chess and backgammon and watching ant taking part in sports. Etruscans traded goods and metals with the Greeks, Carthage, Syria and many other Mediterranean countries. Merchants traded for luxury items like gold, silver and ivory. Etruscans were also very religious, much like many other tribes of the ancient world. Their religion was deeply influenced by eastern greeks, as was etruscan art. Etruscans had special training institutes to teach their religion and their complex curricula included not only religious laws and theology but also the encyclopaedic knowledge required by the presets, which ranged from astrology to zoology and geology. Etruscans had many gods, whom they worshipped on outdoor platforms made of dirt or stone. Later, they built temples of wood, mud-brick, and clay on stone foundations, which were usually elaborately coloured and adorned. Soothsayers predicted events and the Etruscans believed in omens which were signs of what was to come. They believed that the destiny of man was completely determined by the many gods and deities which etruscans worshipped. They followed complex rituals involving dancing and singing. A lot of etruscan literature comes from burial remains and tombs. The dead were cremated or buried in cemeteries outside each city. Those that were buried were put into individual tombs(if you were rich) called catacombs and often tombs were filled with works of art and treasures of gold, silver, bronze and ivory. How to cite The Etruscans – Ancient History, Essay examples

Public Administration

Question: Discuss about the Public Administeation ? Answer : Introducation A new form of governance has emerged as a substitute to the managerial and adversarial methods of formulating and implementing policies. This new form of governance is called the collaborative governance which brings in several stakeholders together with public agencies in common forums so that they can participate harmoniously in the decision making process (O'Flynn Wanna, 2013). In other words a collaborative governing arrangement may be defined as a governing arrangement where several public agencies involve non-state stakeholders to actively participate in the formal decision making process in order to formulate public policies and implement the public assets or programs. Collaborative governance has the following essential characteristics: the forum is established by public agencies; the non-state stakeholders are a part of the forum; the participants actively participate in the decision making process; the objective of the forum is to formulate and implement public policies ha rmoniously and consensually. This form of governing arrangement has been developed in order to respond to the failure of the adversarialism and failure of accountability in the managerialism. Collaborative governance seems to assure that if collaborative governing arrangement is adopted then it would facilitate in reducing the high expense that is incurred in the adversarial method of policy-making process and result in increase democratic participation and refurbish reasonability to public management. Collaborative governance process includes various stages. Many scholars describe the consensus-building process as an implementation or a negotiation phase. Some scholars identify three stages, which includes policy formulation, policy development and the decision-making process (Guerrero et al., 2015). One of the essential elements of the term collaborative governance is the word governance. Several authors have construed the word governance as rules, legal regimes, administrative practice and judicial decisions that prohibit and enable provisions related to public goods and services. It is often argued while interpreting governance that it refers to a form of government, which blurs the boundaries between and within the private and the public sectors. However, governance also includes decision-making process, which involves the active participation of both the private and the public sectors. Therefore, another essential element in collaborative governance includes a form of governm ent wherein both the private and the public sectors work together in different ways, following particular process in order to develop rules and laws for the provision of public related goods. In a collaborative governing process, every individuals and all the interest groups are entitled to participate in the decision making process regarding the decisions that tends to affect them. Although most of the collaborative arrangements strictly involve non-state actors, effective collaborative governance specifically defines the role played by the public agencies. The term public agency includes the legislatures, courts, bureaucracies and other governmental bodies, however, in collaborative governance the term public agency refers to the executive branch agency (Emerson Gerlak, 2014). These public agencies tend to start collaborative forums either to comply with statutory mandates or to satisfy their own purpose. Several scholars are of the opinion that collaborative governance indicates that the public agencies and the non-state stakeholders share a different kind of relationship. For instance, some authors state that collaborative arrangements signifies representation by the essential interest groups, whereas some are of the opinion that collaborative governance include representatives of all related groups. The term stakeholders in collaborative governance shall include the participation of the organized groups and the participation of the citizens as individuals. Although the public agencies and the stakeholders play distinctive roles in a collaborative arrangement, they may be referred to as stakeholders for convenience. Collaborative governance is effective if it involves collectiveness. There must be a two-way communication between the stakeholders and the public agencies. They must hold meetings together and engage themselves in deliberations (Bryson, 2013). Collaborative arrangements entails that stakeholders must participate in the decision-making process, as they shall be responsible for the consequences of the policies. The decisions in the collaborative form of governance are made harmoniously, that is, the participants of the forum must come to an agreement in order to resolve the concerned issues. Although the public agencies possess the final decisive authority to decide, the underlying objective of collaboration is to achieve agreement among all the stakeholders. Collaborative governance concentrates on public related policies and issues (Head Alford, 2015). Collaborative governance is different from other forums like alternative dispute resolution forums or mediation forums. The public agencies may resort to the alternative dispute resolution and mediation forums in order to resolve the public related issues but these forums are designed to resolve disputes arising between private individuals. An essential feature of collaborative form of governance is that in order to reduce the indistinctness between the public and the private sectors, the term collaborative governance is defined as a gover nment that deals with public affairs. Collaborative governance becomes effective if all the stakeholders participate in the decision-making process, however, it is obvious that the authority of including or excluding certain stakeholders shall arise in the collaborative forum but there are certain stakeholders the exclusion of which shall intimidate the legitimacy of eth decision-making process or even result in the failure of the collaboration process altogether. The final deliberations of the collaborative forum may be questioned in case the relevant participants of the forum are of the view that they were not represented efficiently (Huxham Vangen, 2013). The parties who obtain the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process of the collaborative forum are the ones who tend to be committed to the process. The success of the decision-making process of a collaborative form of governance relies on three essential factors: whether people affected by the decisions taken by the forum respect the participants or their expertise and the authority of the participants to make such decisions. The collective authority and expertise and the decisive authority of the participants or the collaborators are fundamental for the decision-making processes and the collaboration outcome of the collaborative arrangement (Fung, 2015). If the participants lack any of these factors they are considered to be incapable and have no authority to make decisions related to the fundamental issues. If the participants demonstrate their expertise and capability to resolve the issues, the decisions made by them are considered to be appropriate. The parties in the collaborative governance process may realize that there is a need to engage people on a wider scale in the decision-making process. For example, the participants in the collaborative governance may become conscious about the fact that the process must include even those individuals who are affected by the consequences of the policies along with those people who have interests in such outcome. While the proper inclusion of stakeholders is essential for an effective collaborative governance, several scholars have comprehended that the participating groups shall have distinct incentives in order to participate in the collaborative governance process relying on their respective power in the forum (Bryson, Crosby Bloomberg, 2014). There are factors that hinder the effective working of the collaborative governance process (Margerum, 2016). Firstly, the parties participating in the decision-making process who believes to be powerful usually does not restrict themselves to one specific collaborative way, instead they like to have more options available to them. As it is pointed out by scholars of collaborative governance that when there are multiple options available for resolution, it is conceived that a resolution using the collaborative process is not a favourable option. Secondly, the issue regarding the power imbalance may take place when decisions about including representatives stakeholders from the organised sectors of the society is made as several interests groups may not have an structural framework to represent them in the collaborative governance process (Doberstein, 2016). Therefore, the more the stakeholders are affected, the more difficult it becomes to represent the stakeholders in the collaborative governances processes. Thirdly, there is an existence of differences of interest and conflict. Such conflict may result in an inter-group antagonism and it becomes very difficult to overcome such inter-group antagonism through collaborative governance processes. The stakeholders become so involved in interpreting their own identities and preparing solutions to resolve the problems they face. This prevents them from concentrating on the collaboration governance process (Choi Robertson, 2013). Fourthly, the conditions present in the beginning of the collaboration process, it may either encourage or discourage cooperation among the stakeholders or between the stakeholders and the public agencies. Fifthly, if the stakeholders are incapable or do not have any resources, status or is unable to participate equally with the other stakeholders, then the collaborative governance process shall be easily manipulated by the stronger participants. It becomes a major concern when key stakeholders do not possess structural framework to be represented in a collaborative process. An additional issue related to the imbalance of power is at times the stakeholders do not have the energy or time to engage themselves in a time consuming collaborative governance process. Lastly, in a collaborative governance process, the participation process is voluntary due to which it becomes difficult to comprehend the incentives of the stakeholders which encourages them to involve in the collaborative governance and the factors that outlines the incentives. The obstacles to effective collaborative governance process can be mitigated if the participants adopt the appropriate approaches. Firstly, in order to deal with the conflicts and the difference of interest among the stakeholders and the public agencies and the stakeholders, the participants must be identify the goal, which is beneficial for all the participants engaged in the collaborative governance process, irrespective of the conflicts or differences in interests of the participants. Secondly, in order to overcome the problem related to the power imbalance, the collaborative governance is required to adopt a positive strategy of empowerment and ensure effective representation of the underprivileged or the weaker stakeholders. Thirdly, the issue related to antagonism among the stakeholders may be dealt with if the stakeholders are highly interdependent among themselves; the stakeholders trust other and the other participants involved in the decision making process (Klievink, Bharosa Tan, (2016). If optimistic approaches are adopted to incorporate faith, trust and confidence amongst the stakeholders and the social capital is reduced, the level of antagonism shall come down and the participants shall work together in the decision-making process and resolve issues consensually. This would result in the formulation and implementation of effective policies for public good. Fourthly, at the time of commencement of the collaboration process, effective leadership is essential. An effective leadership is fundamental in collaborative arrangements as it facilitates in bringing the parties to an agreement and guides them through unsteady situations in the decision-making process. Leadership facilitates the stakeholders to come together and participate in the decision making process in a collaborative spirit. Mediation enhances the responsibility of the the third party intervention to arbitrate when the participants fail to come to an agreement. Under such circumstances, the third party may provide a solution which although shall not amount to a binding arbitration, but it would provide a clear outline of the agenda (Bingham O'Leary, 2014). Leadership is essential as it facilitates to set comprehensible ground rules; build trust and look for common gains. Several scholars have have argued that leadership is vital as it empowers, embraces and engage the stakeh olders and organize them to move ahead in the collaborative process. Moreover, several scholars have asserted that for leadership to be effective, it must possess the three essential elements: the ability to maintain technical credibility, to ensure empowering the collaborative process to make convincing decisions and the ability to administer the collaborative process adequately. Fifthly, sometimes when important stakeholders do not possess structural framework to be represented in a collaborative process, it turns out to be a major issue. However, this issue can be dealt with if the interests of the participants are carefully addressed. If the participants convince each other of the advantages of the substitute ideas by giving them proper reasons behind the ideas, this would help create an understanding between them. This would further, help them align their preferences about how they can attain their joint and common aspirations together (Ansell Torfing, 2015). If the personal and collective interests of the stakeholders are fulfilled, it would facilitate the stakeholders to come to an agreement in order to achieve the objectives and strategies of the collaborative governance. The issue related to the incentives of the participants is critical as resource and power imbalance will affect the incentives of the participants to participate in the process of collaborative governance. The incentives of the stakeholders to take part in the collaborative process party depends upon their expectations such as whether the collaborative process give them significant results against the energy and time the collaborative process requires the participants to give in such process. However, the incentives of the participants enhances if they are convinced that their participation in the process shall result in a concrete, efficient and satisfactory outcome of the policies. On the other hand, the stakeholders may decline the incentives if they notice that their input is being considered as an advice and is not being implemented (Gash, 2016). In Collaborative governance, every individual matters in policy and the policy matters to everyone. In order to cope with the modern complex public problems, an effective collaborative effort is essential to develop policies for public welfare (Choi Robertson, 2014). A recent example of collaborative process in Australia may be the Noosa Climate Action Plan (NCAP), which is a community-oriented plan, which is supported by variety of stakeholders. The NCAP plan is a successful collaborative planning process. The adverse changes in the weather conditions have had a significant impact on the environment and economy of Australia, especially in Queensland (Smith et al., 2015). In order to deal with such a complicated problem as climate change, it was pertinent that both the non-state and government organisations come together to resolve the issue. Collaborative governance was recognised as one of the most effective approaches to deal with the issue. This approach laid emphasis on promotion of the rights of the community in the decision-making processes at the local level through empowerment, local knowledge, etc. It is essential that the participants realise the policy gaps between the international frameworks and the local action processes as the adaptations needs to be implemented both locally and nationally (Biddle Koontz, 2014). This signifies the importance of collaboration between the non-state and state organisations from the local to the national level. The NCAP action plan was successful as it succeeded in incorporating the stakeholders into a consensus-oriented and common decision-making process. The factors that attributed to the success of the NCAP plan were the increase in the incentives of the stakeholders; effective leadership; mutual respect among the stakeholders; developing trust and confidence among the participants; consensus-oriented and mutual decision-making process and fair distribution of power (Keys, Thomsen Smith, 2016). Collaborative governance lacks accountability and therefore, the participants must trust one another and put in efforts to comprehend the demands and ideas of each other. This would enable the stakeholders to develop effective policies, addressing the concerns and demands of the various interest groups and it would help them achieve their individual goals as well. The success of the NCAP plan as a collaborative process establishes the fact that how the involvement of both the state and the non-state actors is essential to implement an effective collaborative governance (Howes Dedekorkut, 2016). Now, it is a well-known fact that in order to make the stakeholders come to an agreement, an effective leader plays a vital role. Apart from playing the role of a mediator, leadership is imperative for representing the weaker stakeholders in the decision-making process. Many scholars recognise this particular responsibility of a facilitative leadership as one of the mediation methods, which enables to maintain the balance of power amongst the stakeholders (Burton Nalau, 2016). When the incentives to take part in the decision making process is weak, the leader must intervene to maintain the stakeholders or empower the weaker actors participating in the decision making process. In case there is high conflict between the stakeholders, the role of the mediator is delegated to a person who has no interest in the consequences of the policies to maintain neutrality in the collaborative process (Bryson, Crosby Stone, 2015). The absence of mutual trust among the stakeholders is very common at the time of commencement of collaborative governance process. The collaborative process is not about negotiation only; it is also, about how the participants develop mutual trust between themselves. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that in a collaborative governance process it is imperative that the stakeholders develop mutual trust among themselves and a shared understanding of their collective achievements. Although the collaborative process face challenges while preparing and implementing the public policies such as manipulation of the process by the powerful stakeholders; lack of commitment by the public agencies; mutual distrust and lack of confidence among the stakeholders; but there are factors that attributes to implement an effective collaborative governance (Siddiki et al., 2015). These factors can be categorised as resource factors, stakeholder factors and organisational structural factors. The factors related to stakeholders include participation of the stakeholders in every stage of decision-making process. An increase in the incentives of the stakeholders to participate in the collaborative process is an essential factor in the process. Further, the joint involvement of the stakeholders to share the responsibilities and resources with one another is regarded as another crucial factor (Merritt Kelley, 2017). Furthermore, the collaborative process must include participation of the fundamental stakeholders in the collective decision-making process of collaborative governance. Collaborative governance process lacks accountability and commitment which results in fraudulent acts in the collaborative arrangements. It is essential that the stakeholders share responsibilities and resources with one another, as it would develop a mutual understanding and enhance accountability. Therefore, implementation of effective collaborative governance can be achieved if the participants in the decisionmaking process consensually make decisions taking into consideration the welfare and the benefit of the public. Reference list Ansell, C., Torfing, J. (2015). How does collaborative governance scale?.Policy Politics,43(3), 315-329. Biddle, J. C., Koontz, T. M. (2014). 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