Text Messaging a New Language free essay sample

A New Language When I found content informing I was astonished at how quick and simple it was. I could hold a discussion with somebody without being up close and personal or via telephone. I could compose anything I needed to with no constraints. Some instant messages were simply silly discussions and afterward some had significance and direness. There has been ordinarily where I have held up in a short of breath state to get a message. Text informing for me opens up another universe of composing. It has improved my composing immensely and helped support my certainty. The most significant impact is the facilitate that it offers somebody to stand up. Text informing breaks the boundaries of typical composition and upgrades ordinary structure. At the point when you get an instant message the principal thing you do is understood it. At that point you can appreciate voicing your own sentiment. You can type anything to express what is on your mind. We will compose a custom exposition test on Text Messaging: a New Language or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The best part about content informing is you can make anything short and basic. There have been a great deal of times where one instant message has affected me. At the point when one of my old buddies would get me before school I would consistently be anticipating a message telling me he is outside. What's more, when I got it I wouldn’t dither to message back the typical reaction, â€Å"coming. † The seemingly insignificant details are consistently decent yet then there are the more dire instant messages. The day my father revealed to me my grandmother died was through an instant message. It wasn’t a stun however I was as yet disturbed. It didn’t prevent me from sending one back asking how my mother was dealing with it. Each instant message an individual gets calls them the chance or to compose back. The manner in which you compose an instant message shows the state of mind or brain outline you are in. The main issue is some of the time individuals state one thing however mean another. The manner in which you type something can differently affect the individual understanding it. At the point when I sent a content to my sister disclosing how she expected to do a basic task around the house she got me going crazy. She thought I was hollering at her for not doing it. I cleared up the circumstance however the setting of an instant message is significant. Cases like that have instructed me to be cautious about how I compose something. This exercise shows that in any event, with regards to papers you should be cautious about what an individual composes. It takes just several seconds to react to an instant message. I’m great at performing multiple tasks so in any event, when I am up to speed I can at present figure out how to type somebody back. The simplicity of holding a discussion and the steady to and fro acting has improved my composition. Individuals state careful discipline brings about promising results. At the point when you go through the entire day messaging your companions there is going to give some improvement. It communicates over to my composition. It has supported my certainty and has additionally helped my stream as an author. My call to compose centers around an outline of how messaging has improved my composition. It communicates how I have a chance to communicate my feelings. I have discovered that the setting of a paper is significant. At last, my certainty composing has expanded and furthermore how it has helped my stream when composing papers. In general I accept text informing is another type of organization that everybody can identify with. The open door for somebody to compose throughout the day is an advantage others don’t have and I am extremely grateful I have had the option to be a piece of the digital development. Intelligent Memo Does my proficiency occasion examination give sufficient data to my crowd? How? How explicit is my paper and what might I be able to improve? How does my draft react all in all to the evaluating rules? How is my progression of the paper? How is my association of the paper? Does everything make an association with the general theme? What are a few things I could improve? How is my punctuation of the paper? What would i be able to improve?

EVISION THE FUTURE essays

EVISION THE FUTURE papers As the 21st century day breaks in front of us, the future holds what is by all accounts the best progressions of our human progress. Man has made some amazing progress since the principal PC was developed. It is from that huge beast that we have become off of, (possibly that represents the terrible beige metal boxes PCs are housed in). At that point along came wires and at the current we are starting the wire-less age. What lies past that might be the response to all of man-sorts issues. Keep in mind the block? Otherwise called a rough mobile phone, it denoted the start of the phone age. In view of that telephone we presently have a mammoth cluster of phones and extras. Without a doubt, theres the standard wireless that looks cool, speed-dials from a phonebook, and had a schedule. This previous year it is currently viewed as pass. On the off chance that you need to satisfy the status of a CEO, (or simply need to act like one), at that point having a PDA with web abilities is an unquestionable requirement. So as the palm pilot goes in the innovative junk receptacle, mobile phones that approach the web are turning into the pioneers in the worldwide business. As opposed to snapping on a modem, this new variety of mobile phones takes into account web perusing. These telephones get all the nuts and bolts, for example, sports scores, news, stock statements, email and even book requesting from Amazon.com. What's more, any page that a designer has intended for Wireless Application Protocol, or WAP. America Online and Sprint PCS have as of late cut an arrangement though clients can get their email and utilize Instant Messenger on their web prepared mobile phones. Mobile phone creators, because of the rising interest in PDA web-perusing, are expanding extra room on their telephones. They are likewise making the screens bigger so that up to around 11 lines of content can be seen on the small screen. These mobile phone organizations are helping start the remote upheaval that will surprise the world. The wonderful abilities mobile phones no... <!

How TV And Internet Interfere With Children And Adolescents Behavior Article

How TV And Internet Interfere With Children And Adolescents Behavior Article How TV And Internet Interfere With Children And Adolescents Behavior â€" Article Example > 7 August 2006How T. V. and the Internet Influence the Behaviors of Teens and AdolescentsFor many years now there have been many quantifiable studies carried out on the behavior characteristics of teens and preteens who are subjected to large amounts of exposure to the Internet and Television. These studies have shown that those who spend more than 3 hours a day watching television and engaging in activities on the computer are more apt to fall in-behind on their school studies and be more prone to attitude and behavior problems than other kids in their age bracket are (Shifrin 2006, pg. 448). Some of the main concerns that sociologists and psychologists have with children who have overexposure to these media sources is in what they are actually exposed too. On the Internet there are images that can be considered pornographic which present themselves all the time. Even many of the sites that are considered to be comic and totally for recreational purposes have started becoming more explicit. If parents are not readily around to monitor what their children are being confronted with through media entertainment then a more psychological problem begins to occur, especially if the material is not suitable for young viewers (Newman 2006, pg. 10). A huge reason for concern is in how the images impact these young viewers. This is explicitly true when there is an issue of violence that is of a very real nature, such as the Oklahoma City Bombings from years ago or more recently September 11. Although these current issues are a few years old now, many children can still suffer emotional strain if they are overexposed to the events still ongoing, such as terrorism. Children are to young to have to be worried about issues of threats such as terrorism regardless of how very real they are or not. This is a parent’s world and they should be controlling how much reality T. V. that children are actually viewing whether it is the news, documentaries, or basic cartoon shows. Too much violence is not good for children to be exposed too period (Duggal et al 2002, pg. 494). Children do have a toleration level, just as adults do and they can not comprehend violence in reality the way that adults can. Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Pediatricians, Sociologists, and other adults who work with children can attest to the facts of what too much violence on television, the internet, and on the news can do to the minds of preteens and other young adolescent kids. They can develop PTSD with the same probability as an adult can when they are exposed to images and programs that they simply have a hard time relating too (Cavendish 1997, pg. 6). Exposure to world events such as the War in Iraq and the terrorist activities ongoing in other parts of the world are just a few of the very real issues that children can become threatened by and have emotional problems dealing with. This isn’t to say that keeping children abreast of what is happening in the world is bad but what it is saying is that a parent needs to know when to limit allowing a child to sit and watch violent news programs to them that show death and carnage for an extensive period of time, such as the immediate coverage of the war, etc. Seeing to much violence can also promote very aggressive tendencies within some children who are already having behavioral problems, or so sociologists claim.

God Is Actively With His Creation - 938 Words

Fedner Faustin MLA THEO 201 B10 God is Actively Involved with His Creation Everything that God created, He said that they were good. He created the Heavens and the earth, and everything in them, and they were all good (Genesis 1). Believe it or not, everything that God created can be used for the good and for the maintenance of his creation. Even the insects that we consider as nuisances are often used for the protection and the reproduction of some plants. As a Christian I believe that God is actively involved with his creation. Whatever a Christian chooses as vocation, this belief will have great impact on the way he or she interacts with people. God is actively involved with his creation means that God is consistently preserving his creation no matter what. After the fall, humanity has turned away from God; they have been living a sinful life, but God does not reject us. He gave us the power to become his sons through Jesus Christ, so we are still creatures in his image, and he continues to sustain us. God is immanent, meaning that He indwells the universe. The Bible teaches us that there is no place the presence of God does not penetrate. In Psalm 139, it is clearly shown that God fills the universe and everything is under his control. In Jeremiah 23:24 it says â€Å"Can a man hide himself in secret places so that I cannot see him? Declares the LORD. Do I not fill heaven and earth? Declares the LORD.† God does not only indwells the universe, but he also indwells us asShow MoreRelatedThe Christian Faith990 Words   |  4 Pagesbelief that God is actively working in His creation. God did not create the world and leave it to its own fate. Instead, God is still actively involved in every part of His creation today. This belief is crucial for the Christian scientists in today’s world. Ones who study cells and molecules can discover how astounding and detailed God, the Creator, is with this belief in mind. God is working through his seen and unseen creation. In the tiniest cell, God’s workmanship can be displayed. God made eachRead MoreTheo 201 Final Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesChristian faith is the belief that God is actively involved with His creation. God has always been actively involved with His creation since the beginning of man’s first appearance on planet earth. God has used prophets and judges to express and communicate his message to His people who extended from the promise He made with Abraham. God saved his creation of humanity eternally from their sins when He sent His son Jesus as the messiah to earth. God has extended his doctrines of grace, love, mercyRead MoreBiblical Worldview : God s Providence Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction God created the entire universe. Some people believe that God created the world but then took a step back and is not actively involved in His Creation. The Bible shows that God does in fact have a plan and He is actively involved in the world to make that plan happen. The idea of God being actively involved in maintaining His creation is called providence. This idea of providence means that ultimately God is in control and that God’s people need not be afraid of sin triumphing over His planRead MoreGod s View Of God947 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the beginning to the end of time God has been, is, and will be actively involved with His creation. It is part of God’s nature to have care and compassion for what He has made. Specifically, for the purpose of this paper we will look at God’s guidance in the interactions of His prized creation: man. â€Å"The Lord looks from heaven; He sees all the sons of men; from His dwelling place He looks out on all the inhabitants of the earth, He who fashions the hearts of them all, He who understands allRead MoreBiblical Studies: Doctrine of the Christian Church1014 Words   |  4 PagesThe doctrine or belief that God is actively involved with His creation plays a large role in the way in which people particularly members of the Christian Church and people in general interact with those within a chosen vocation. On a fundamental level, this notion implies a degree of deference, if not outright reverence, that people have for those within a certain vocation. Additionally, this doctrine helps to reinforce the feeling and manifestations of faith in the person participating in a certainRead MoreEssay about Creation794 Words   |  4 PagesJerri Shirley Turabian Theo 201 B14 Creation â€Å"Is God actively involved?† â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.† (Gen 1:1-2) God has been involved with creation since inception and He continues His involvement today in each and every one of us, whether we recognize Him or not. Without God humans, plants, animals and the things thatRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Knowledge For His Kingdom1232 Words   |  5 PagesKnowledge for His Kingdom The Westminster Catechism’s first question asks, â€Å"What is the chief end of man?† The answer: â€Å"The chief end of man is to glorify God and enjoy Him forever.† This can be applied to all aspects of life, but especially education By listening to lectures given by various professors in the Christian Mind course and personally experiencing my first semester as a student here, I have found that in order to faithfully pursue a college education, I must glorify God in everythingRead MoreBiblical Worldview Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagestheistic and biblical worldview foundation; thus being the center of much debate. In light of the various views within Christian theology, we will focus specifically on doctrine that is foundational to the Christian faith: The belief the God is actively involved in His creation. Furthermore, we will examine how this belief (doctrine) affects the way we interact with people in a chosen vocation. Through Bible Scriptures and Dani el Akin’s textbook A Theology for the Church, we will show evidence to supportRead MoreThe Signs Of The Gospel Of John Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesnot believe unless he personally sees and feels Jesus for himself. To which, on His appearance, Jesus said to him, â€Å"Because you have seen Me, have you believed? Blessed are they who did not see, and yet believed.† Although the gospel of John is clear that Jesus preformed many signs that are not recorded, he states that the ones he records are for the purpose that those who have not seen may believe and â€Å"have life in His name.† Therefore, the eight signs John chooses are very important. These signsRead MoreAnalysis Of Jenson s The Call Of Abraham And Moses 1092 Words   |  5 Pagespainting a vivid image of the non-Israelite models of creation, Jenson paints a vivid image of what Israelite creation is precisely not: Israelite creation rejects both antecedent conditions and the notion of the uninvolved deist God. Once the image of a contra-Israelite creation had been painted, Jenson begins to wield scripture as the truth-seeking gauge to define what Israelite creation actually is. The rejection of the antecedent conditions of creation manifest itself for Jenson in the book of Genesis

Do Adolescents in the Criminal Justice System Have a...

Does Adolescents in the Criminal Justice System have a Chance of Success? Many children today are growing up without parents or some kind of legal guardian. When children do not have some type of support system to keep them motivated, more than half of them turn to the streets. Growing up as a teenager alone is very hard. They have no one to turn to, no one to talk to, help them when they need it, someone to just call a friend. Teens need some kind of motivation to keep them going each day. More and more teens today are committing crimes and being tried as adults. Even at the young age of 13. This review considers whether or not adolescents in the criminal justice system have a chance of success by acknowledging the following†¦show more content†¦He was a young African American in his late 20’s. He has a home, education, and a profession (Chura, 2010). It wasn’t always this way for Andrew though. His mother was Schizophrenic and was placed in a long term care and Andrew jumped around from home to home. Without having his family ther e with him, he had no one to teach him right from wrong. He made many careless mistakes in his life, which caused him to receive many felony charges. He was later sent to a state prison. He realized that the prison life is not the way he wanted to live his life. He got himself enrolled in school and got his GED. He also got himself into counseling because he wanted to get help. He later enrolled in a community college and excelled even while working 2 or 3 part time jobs to support himself. He slept in the back of a pizzeria where he was employed. After finishing his Associate’s degree, he earned a scholarship to a Bronx college where he received his BA in social work. He also got another scholarship to Fordham University Graduate school of Social work. In 2008, he earned his MSW and the recognition of the New York State social work Educators Association. He now works at a county youth Bureau, helping at risk kids navigate the minefield of the streets (Chura, 2010). Anyone ca n do anything that is possible; if they want it bad enough. The Criminal Justice System stereotypes so many adolescents and never gives them a chance to succeed in life. Just because some adolescentsShow MoreRelatedIncarceration Of Youth And Its Effects On Reducing Crime Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagesvery little positive impact on reducing crime. Incarcerating youth have posed greater problems such as expenses, limited education, lack of employment, and effect on juveniles’ mental and physical well-being. In today’s society there has been an increase in the crimes committed by juveniles. Most juveniles have underlining factors that have caused them to choose this type of lifestyle. Many children in the juvenile system have come from impoverish stricken neighborhoods and are festered with gangRead MoreThe Challenges Of Spectrum Human Services1435 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily issues, and poor choices that lead to truancy, fighting, burglary, murder, and etc. Some adolescent often learned how to commit crime from the peers they hang with and cannot understand the consequences of their actions and crimes. This is why Calumet and Lincoln treatment center was created for troubled youth. They used to treat distressed girls, but figured it would be better to focus more on adolescent boys instead and the majority of juveniles in the program are black males. Calumet and LincolnRead MoreThe Issue Of Adult Courts And Prisons1632 Words   |  7 PagesAs the world advances, so do the expectations for teens to not only do well, but also excel in both academics and life. However, teens are constantly pressured to perform at even higher standards, in hopes that they might guarantee a spot in the workforce. Because of this, it is no wonder that the well being of teens’ mental health has become an issue in which suicides now account for a third of teen deaths. These children need help, which only society can provide; yet instead of heeding their criesRead MoreIncarcerating Kids Destroys American Society Essay example1801 Words   |  8 Pagesof growing up. But what if just one wrong decision could mean the difference between a normal childhood and spending the rest of adolesence behind cold steel bars with cruel and vicious adult criminals? Unfortunately for a growing number of young teenagers, their reality is never being given a sec ond chance to change or correct their mistakes. Why? Some may ask, because instead of attending school, learning the difference between right and wrong, and finding out about themselves and life, theyRead MoreAt-Risk Minority Males : The 100 % Graduation Rate Program1258 Words   |  6 Pagesto develop collaboration between the business, academic, and service communities in inner cities to encourage these males to stay in school and reach their full potential, and to reduce the likelihood, that they will become involved in the criminal justice system by addressing several areas of their academic and social development. Intervention and Prevention In keeping with the goals and objectives of the CBT model, the program is designed to reduce and reverse Academic problems2 of an underservedRead MoreFice Of Juvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention1617 Words   |  7 Pagescitizen. The federal government even formed an office called the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention that operates under United States department of Justice to attempt â€Å"by supporting states, local communities, and tribal jurisdictions in their efforts to develop and implement effective programs for juveniles†. (Howell, J. C., Wilson, J. J., Reno, J., Marcus, D., Leary, M. L.) The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established a policy that enables communities officialsRead MoreLast Chance in Texas: The Redemption of Criminal Youth1424 Words   |  6 Pages1. Name and quick summary of book: Last Chance in Texas: The Redemption of Criminal Youth, by John Hubner, follows Hubner as he observes the â€Å"worst of the worst† juvenile offenders at Giddings State School. This treatment program is truly a â€Å"last chance† for may of the adolescents there – their last chance to change the direction of their lives before ending up in jail. Hubner takes the reader through a gripping and emotional journey as the teenagers go through the Capitol Offenders group andRead MoreModification Of The Juvenile Justice System And The Affect On The Future Of Our Youth1814 Words   |  8 Pages Modification in the Juvenile Justice System and the Affect on the Future of our Youth Michelle Fleeton Auburn University at Montgomery Abstract The Juvenile Justice System (JJS) has transformed tremendously over the last 300 years. From adolescents and adults being charged with the same brutality, to the introduction of rehabilitation and diversion programs. As time went on and new political policies were brought forward in the courts, the crime rates fluctuated until the late 1900s and withRead MoreInsight Into Criminal Behavior Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Juvenile exposure to criminal behavior increases the chances that those individuals will also engage in criminal behavior. Research gives us insight to prevent or reduce criminality and rehabilitate violators of the law that engage in criminal behavior. What causes people to commit crimes? Interdisciplinary criminology gives us a better understanding from several fields of study of a better understanding of crime. Influential factors that influence criminal behaviors are psychological, sociologicalRead MorePast Offenders Are Neglected And Vulnerable984 Words   |  4 Pagesleaving a â€Å"negative effect on employers willingness to hire† (ALBRIGHT DENQ, 1996) when being compared to law abiding citizens with no history of breaking the law. It’s assumed, previous offenders who no longer yearn the desire to participate in criminal behavior can be a great asset to troubled teens. Past offenders offer the unique personal experience of offering mentoring skills which reac h beyond one’s educational knowledge and experience. Past offenders will be relied upon to develop customized

The Etruscans †Ancient History Free Essays

The Etruscans The Etruscan civilisation is distinguished by its unique language and its beautiful art. The Etruscan economy was based on agriculture, trade and mineral resources. We also know the greeks traded with the Etruscans because the Etruscan alphabet is similar to the greek one. We will write a custom essay sample on The Etruscans – Ancient History or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Etruscans are thought to have either been â€Å"native† to Italy or to have migrated from Lydia Lydia ina round 800bc beause of famine. Etruscan cities were very powerful and were though to have been ruled by â€Å"The Etruscan League† which was (according to roman legend) founded by two Lydian noblemen; Tarchun and his brother Tyrrhenus. The league was made up of 12 cities but which twelve exactly is unsure. Each city state met once a year where a leader was chosen to represent the league. The league was both religious and political. Etruscan homes were mud-brick, with timber on stone foundations, some with upper stories. Some etruscns even had underground drains leading to main sewage drains located under the streets! Etruscans did a lot of farming, they grew barley, millet, wheat, grapes and other fruits and they raised pigs, goats, sheep, ducks, chickens and cattle. Cattle was used for food and to pull plows and wagons. Etruscan miners dug copper, lead, iron and tin. Metal workers and sculptors turned metals into weapons, utensils, jewellery and sculpture. Etruscans were famous for their art, especially in bronze and clay. Etruscans also enjoyed many forms of entertainment including gambling with ivory dice, music and dancing (for religious reasons and pleasure), playing board games similar to chess and backgammon and watching ant taking part in sports. Etruscans traded goods and metals with the Greeks, Carthage, Syria and many other Mediterranean countries. Merchants traded for luxury items like gold, silver and ivory. Etruscans were also very religious, much like many other tribes of the ancient world. Their religion was deeply influenced by eastern greeks, as was etruscan art. Etruscans had special training institutes to teach their religion and their complex curricula included not only religious laws and theology but also the encyclopaedic knowledge required by the presets, which ranged from astrology to zoology and geology. Etruscans had many gods, whom they worshipped on outdoor platforms made of dirt or stone. Later, they built temples of wood, mud-brick, and clay on stone foundations, which were usually elaborately coloured and adorned. Soothsayers predicted events and the Etruscans believed in omens which were signs of what was to come. They believed that the destiny of man was completely determined by the many gods and deities which etruscans worshipped. They followed complex rituals involving dancing and singing. A lot of etruscan literature comes from burial remains and tombs. The dead were cremated or buried in cemeteries outside each city. Those that were buried were put into individual tombs(if you were rich) called catacombs and often tombs were filled with works of art and treasures of gold, silver, bronze and ivory. How to cite The Etruscans – Ancient History, Essay examples

Public Administration

Question: Discuss about the Public Administeation ? Answer : Introducation A new form of governance has emerged as a substitute to the managerial and adversarial methods of formulating and implementing policies. This new form of governance is called the collaborative governance which brings in several stakeholders together with public agencies in common forums so that they can participate harmoniously in the decision making process (O'Flynn Wanna, 2013). In other words a collaborative governing arrangement may be defined as a governing arrangement where several public agencies involve non-state stakeholders to actively participate in the formal decision making process in order to formulate public policies and implement the public assets or programs. Collaborative governance has the following essential characteristics: the forum is established by public agencies; the non-state stakeholders are a part of the forum; the participants actively participate in the decision making process; the objective of the forum is to formulate and implement public policies ha rmoniously and consensually. This form of governing arrangement has been developed in order to respond to the failure of the adversarialism and failure of accountability in the managerialism. Collaborative governance seems to assure that if collaborative governing arrangement is adopted then it would facilitate in reducing the high expense that is incurred in the adversarial method of policy-making process and result in increase democratic participation and refurbish reasonability to public management. Collaborative governance process includes various stages. Many scholars describe the consensus-building process as an implementation or a negotiation phase. Some scholars identify three stages, which includes policy formulation, policy development and the decision-making process (Guerrero et al., 2015). One of the essential elements of the term collaborative governance is the word governance. Several authors have construed the word governance as rules, legal regimes, administrative practice and judicial decisions that prohibit and enable provisions related to public goods and services. It is often argued while interpreting governance that it refers to a form of government, which blurs the boundaries between and within the private and the public sectors. However, governance also includes decision-making process, which involves the active participation of both the private and the public sectors. Therefore, another essential element in collaborative governance includes a form of governm ent wherein both the private and the public sectors work together in different ways, following particular process in order to develop rules and laws for the provision of public related goods. In a collaborative governing process, every individuals and all the interest groups are entitled to participate in the decision making process regarding the decisions that tends to affect them. Although most of the collaborative arrangements strictly involve non-state actors, effective collaborative governance specifically defines the role played by the public agencies. The term public agency includes the legislatures, courts, bureaucracies and other governmental bodies, however, in collaborative governance the term public agency refers to the executive branch agency (Emerson Gerlak, 2014). These public agencies tend to start collaborative forums either to comply with statutory mandates or to satisfy their own purpose. Several scholars are of the opinion that collaborative governance indicates that the public agencies and the non-state stakeholders share a different kind of relationship. For instance, some authors state that collaborative arrangements signifies representation by the essential interest groups, whereas some are of the opinion that collaborative governance include representatives of all related groups. The term stakeholders in collaborative governance shall include the participation of the organized groups and the participation of the citizens as individuals. Although the public agencies and the stakeholders play distinctive roles in a collaborative arrangement, they may be referred to as stakeholders for convenience. Collaborative governance is effective if it involves collectiveness. There must be a two-way communication between the stakeholders and the public agencies. They must hold meetings together and engage themselves in deliberations (Bryson, 2013). Collaborative arrangements entails that stakeholders must participate in the decision-making process, as they shall be responsible for the consequences of the policies. The decisions in the collaborative form of governance are made harmoniously, that is, the participants of the forum must come to an agreement in order to resolve the concerned issues. Although the public agencies possess the final decisive authority to decide, the underlying objective of collaboration is to achieve agreement among all the stakeholders. Collaborative governance concentrates on public related policies and issues (Head Alford, 2015). Collaborative governance is different from other forums like alternative dispute resolution forums or mediation forums. The public agencies may resort to the alternative dispute resolution and mediation forums in order to resolve the public related issues but these forums are designed to resolve disputes arising between private individuals. An essential feature of collaborative form of governance is that in order to reduce the indistinctness between the public and the private sectors, the term collaborative governance is defined as a gover nment that deals with public affairs. Collaborative governance becomes effective if all the stakeholders participate in the decision-making process, however, it is obvious that the authority of including or excluding certain stakeholders shall arise in the collaborative forum but there are certain stakeholders the exclusion of which shall intimidate the legitimacy of eth decision-making process or even result in the failure of the collaboration process altogether. The final deliberations of the collaborative forum may be questioned in case the relevant participants of the forum are of the view that they were not represented efficiently (Huxham Vangen, 2013). The parties who obtain the opportunity to participate in the decision-making process of the collaborative forum are the ones who tend to be committed to the process. The success of the decision-making process of a collaborative form of governance relies on three essential factors: whether people affected by the decisions taken by the forum respect the participants or their expertise and the authority of the participants to make such decisions. The collective authority and expertise and the decisive authority of the participants or the collaborators are fundamental for the decision-making processes and the collaboration outcome of the collaborative arrangement (Fung, 2015). If the participants lack any of these factors they are considered to be incapable and have no authority to make decisions related to the fundamental issues. If the participants demonstrate their expertise and capability to resolve the issues, the decisions made by them are considered to be appropriate. The parties in the collaborative governance process may realize that there is a need to engage people on a wider scale in the decision-making process. For example, the participants in the collaborative governance may become conscious about the fact that the process must include even those individuals who are affected by the consequences of the policies along with those people who have interests in such outcome. While the proper inclusion of stakeholders is essential for an effective collaborative governance, several scholars have comprehended that the participating groups shall have distinct incentives in order to participate in the collaborative governance process relying on their respective power in the forum (Bryson, Crosby Bloomberg, 2014). There are factors that hinder the effective working of the collaborative governance process (Margerum, 2016). Firstly, the parties participating in the decision-making process who believes to be powerful usually does not restrict themselves to one specific collaborative way, instead they like to have more options available to them. As it is pointed out by scholars of collaborative governance that when there are multiple options available for resolution, it is conceived that a resolution using the collaborative process is not a favourable option. Secondly, the issue regarding the power imbalance may take place when decisions about including representatives stakeholders from the organised sectors of the society is made as several interests groups may not have an structural framework to represent them in the collaborative governance process (Doberstein, 2016). Therefore, the more the stakeholders are affected, the more difficult it becomes to represent the stakeholders in the collaborative governances processes. Thirdly, there is an existence of differences of interest and conflict. Such conflict may result in an inter-group antagonism and it becomes very difficult to overcome such inter-group antagonism through collaborative governance processes. The stakeholders become so involved in interpreting their own identities and preparing solutions to resolve the problems they face. This prevents them from concentrating on the collaboration governance process (Choi Robertson, 2013). Fourthly, the conditions present in the beginning of the collaboration process, it may either encourage or discourage cooperation among the stakeholders or between the stakeholders and the public agencies. Fifthly, if the stakeholders are incapable or do not have any resources, status or is unable to participate equally with the other stakeholders, then the collaborative governance process shall be easily manipulated by the stronger participants. It becomes a major concern when key stakeholders do not possess structural framework to be represented in a collaborative process. An additional issue related to the imbalance of power is at times the stakeholders do not have the energy or time to engage themselves in a time consuming collaborative governance process. Lastly, in a collaborative governance process, the participation process is voluntary due to which it becomes difficult to comprehend the incentives of the stakeholders which encourages them to involve in the collaborative governance and the factors that outlines the incentives. The obstacles to effective collaborative governance process can be mitigated if the participants adopt the appropriate approaches. Firstly, in order to deal with the conflicts and the difference of interest among the stakeholders and the public agencies and the stakeholders, the participants must be identify the goal, which is beneficial for all the participants engaged in the collaborative governance process, irrespective of the conflicts or differences in interests of the participants. Secondly, in order to overcome the problem related to the power imbalance, the collaborative governance is required to adopt a positive strategy of empowerment and ensure effective representation of the underprivileged or the weaker stakeholders. Thirdly, the issue related to antagonism among the stakeholders may be dealt with if the stakeholders are highly interdependent among themselves; the stakeholders trust other and the other participants involved in the decision making process (Klievink, Bharosa Tan, (2016). If optimistic approaches are adopted to incorporate faith, trust and confidence amongst the stakeholders and the social capital is reduced, the level of antagonism shall come down and the participants shall work together in the decision-making process and resolve issues consensually. This would result in the formulation and implementation of effective policies for public good. Fourthly, at the time of commencement of the collaboration process, effective leadership is essential. An effective leadership is fundamental in collaborative arrangements as it facilitates in bringing the parties to an agreement and guides them through unsteady situations in the decision-making process. Leadership facilitates the stakeholders to come together and participate in the decision making process in a collaborative spirit. Mediation enhances the responsibility of the the third party intervention to arbitrate when the participants fail to come to an agreement. Under such circumstances, the third party may provide a solution which although shall not amount to a binding arbitration, but it would provide a clear outline of the agenda (Bingham O'Leary, 2014). Leadership is essential as it facilitates to set comprehensible ground rules; build trust and look for common gains. Several scholars have have argued that leadership is vital as it empowers, embraces and engage the stakeh olders and organize them to move ahead in the collaborative process. Moreover, several scholars have asserted that for leadership to be effective, it must possess the three essential elements: the ability to maintain technical credibility, to ensure empowering the collaborative process to make convincing decisions and the ability to administer the collaborative process adequately. Fifthly, sometimes when important stakeholders do not possess structural framework to be represented in a collaborative process, it turns out to be a major issue. However, this issue can be dealt with if the interests of the participants are carefully addressed. If the participants convince each other of the advantages of the substitute ideas by giving them proper reasons behind the ideas, this would help create an understanding between them. This would further, help them align their preferences about how they can attain their joint and common aspirations together (Ansell Torfing, 2015). If the personal and collective interests of the stakeholders are fulfilled, it would facilitate the stakeholders to come to an agreement in order to achieve the objectives and strategies of the collaborative governance. The issue related to the incentives of the participants is critical as resource and power imbalance will affect the incentives of the participants to participate in the process of collaborative governance. The incentives of the stakeholders to take part in the collaborative process party depends upon their expectations such as whether the collaborative process give them significant results against the energy and time the collaborative process requires the participants to give in such process. However, the incentives of the participants enhances if they are convinced that their participation in the process shall result in a concrete, efficient and satisfactory outcome of the policies. On the other hand, the stakeholders may decline the incentives if they notice that their input is being considered as an advice and is not being implemented (Gash, 2016). In Collaborative governance, every individual matters in policy and the policy matters to everyone. In order to cope with the modern complex public problems, an effective collaborative effort is essential to develop policies for public welfare (Choi Robertson, 2014). A recent example of collaborative process in Australia may be the Noosa Climate Action Plan (NCAP), which is a community-oriented plan, which is supported by variety of stakeholders. The NCAP plan is a successful collaborative planning process. The adverse changes in the weather conditions have had a significant impact on the environment and economy of Australia, especially in Queensland (Smith et al., 2015). In order to deal with such a complicated problem as climate change, it was pertinent that both the non-state and government organisations come together to resolve the issue. Collaborative governance was recognised as one of the most effective approaches to deal with the issue. This approach laid emphasis on promotion of the rights of the community in the decision-making processes at the local level through empowerment, local knowledge, etc. It is essential that the participants realise the policy gaps between the international frameworks and the local action processes as the adaptations needs to be implemented both locally and nationally (Biddle Koontz, 2014). This signifies the importance of collaboration between the non-state and state organisations from the local to the national level. The NCAP action plan was successful as it succeeded in incorporating the stakeholders into a consensus-oriented and common decision-making process. The factors that attributed to the success of the NCAP plan were the increase in the incentives of the stakeholders; effective leadership; mutual respect among the stakeholders; developing trust and confidence among the participants; consensus-oriented and mutual decision-making process and fair distribution of power (Keys, Thomsen Smith, 2016). Collaborative governance lacks accountability and therefore, the participants must trust one another and put in efforts to comprehend the demands and ideas of each other. This would enable the stakeholders to develop effective policies, addressing the concerns and demands of the various interest groups and it would help them achieve their individual goals as well. The success of the NCAP plan as a collaborative process establishes the fact that how the involvement of both the state and the non-state actors is essential to implement an effective collaborative governance (Howes Dedekorkut, 2016). Now, it is a well-known fact that in order to make the stakeholders come to an agreement, an effective leader plays a vital role. Apart from playing the role of a mediator, leadership is imperative for representing the weaker stakeholders in the decision-making process. Many scholars recognise this particular responsibility of a facilitative leadership as one of the mediation methods, which enables to maintain the balance of power amongst the stakeholders (Burton Nalau, 2016). When the incentives to take part in the decision making process is weak, the leader must intervene to maintain the stakeholders or empower the weaker actors participating in the decision making process. In case there is high conflict between the stakeholders, the role of the mediator is delegated to a person who has no interest in the consequences of the policies to maintain neutrality in the collaborative process (Bryson, Crosby Stone, 2015). The absence of mutual trust among the stakeholders is very common at the time of commencement of collaborative governance process. The collaborative process is not about negotiation only; it is also, about how the participants develop mutual trust between themselves. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that in a collaborative governance process it is imperative that the stakeholders develop mutual trust among themselves and a shared understanding of their collective achievements. Although the collaborative process face challenges while preparing and implementing the public policies such as manipulation of the process by the powerful stakeholders; lack of commitment by the public agencies; mutual distrust and lack of confidence among the stakeholders; but there are factors that attributes to implement an effective collaborative governance (Siddiki et al., 2015). These factors can be categorised as resource factors, stakeholder factors and organisational structural factors. The factors related to stakeholders include participation of the stakeholders in every stage of decision-making process. An increase in the incentives of the stakeholders to participate in the collaborative process is an essential factor in the process. Further, the joint involvement of the stakeholders to share the responsibilities and resources with one another is regarded as another crucial factor (Merritt Kelley, 2017). Furthermore, the collaborative process must include participation of the fundamental stakeholders in the collective decision-making process of collaborative governance. Collaborative governance process lacks accountability and commitment which results in fraudulent acts in the collaborative arrangements. It is essential that the stakeholders share responsibilities and resources with one another, as it would develop a mutual understanding and enhance accountability. Therefore, implementation of effective collaborative governance can be achieved if the participants in the decisionmaking process consensually make decisions taking into consideration the welfare and the benefit of the public. Reference list Ansell, C., Torfing, J. (2015). How does collaborative governance scale?.Policy Politics,43(3), 315-329. Biddle, J. C., Koontz, T. M. (2014). Goal specificity: A proxy measure for improvements in environmental outcomes in collaborative governance.Journal of environmental management,145, 268-276. Bingham, L. B., O'Leary, R. (2014).Big ideas in collaborative public management. Routledge. Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., Bloomberg, L. (2014). Public value governance: Moving beyond traditional public administration and the new public management.Public Administration Review,74(4), 445-456. Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., Stone, M. M. (2015). Designing and implementing cross?sector collaborations: Needed and challenging.Public Administration Review,75(5), 647-663. Bryson, J. M., Quick, K. S., Slotterback, C. S., Crosby, B. C. (2013). Designing public participation processes.Public administration review,73(1), 23-34. Burton, P., Nalau, J. (2016). Public participation in the governance of metropolitan scale climate adaptation: panacea or problem?.Climate Adaptation Governance in Cities and Regions: Theoretical Fundamentals and Practical Evidence, 317-332. Choi, T., Robertson, P. J. (2013). Deliberation and decision in collaborative governance: A simulation of approaches to mitigate power imbalance.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, mut003. Choi, T., Robertson, P. J. (2014). Caucuses in Collaborative Governance: Modeling the Effects of Structure, Power, and Problem Complexity.International Public Management Journal,17(2), 224-254. Doberstein, C. (2016). Designing collaborative governance decision-making in search of a collaborative advantage.Public Management Review,18(6), 819-841. Emerson, K., Gerlak, A. K. (2014). Adaptation in collaborative governance regimes.Environmental management,54(4), 768-781. Fung, A. (2015). Putting the public back into governance: The challenges of citizen participation and its future.Public Administration Review,75(4), 513-522. Gash, A. (2016). 37. Collaborative governance.Handbook on Theories of Governance, 454. Guerrero, A., Bodin, ., McAllister, R., Wilson, K. (2015). Achieving social-ecological fit through bottom-up collaborative governance: an empirical investigation.Ecology and Society,20(4). Head, B. W., Alford, J. (2015). Wicked problems: Implications for public policy and management.Administration Society,47(6), 711-739. Howes, M., Dedekorkut?Howes, A. (2016). The rise and fall of climate adaptation governance on the Gold Coast, Australia.Climate Adaptation Governance in Cities and Regions: Theoretical Fundamentals and Practical Evidence, 237-250. Huxham, C., Vangen, S. (2013).Managing to collaborate: The theory and practice of collaborative advantage. Routledge. Keys, N., Thomsen, D. C., Smith, T. F. (2016). Adaptive capacity and climate change: the role of community opinion leaders.Local Environment,21(4), 432-450. Klievink, B., Bharosa, N., Tan, Y. H. (2016). The collaborative realization of public values and business goals: Governance and infrastructure of publicprivate information platforms.Government Information Quarterly,33(1), 67-79. Margerum, R. D., Robinson, C. J., Genskow, K. (2016). 17. The challenges of collaborative governance: towards a new research agenda.The Challenges of Collaboration in Environmental Governance: Barriers and Responses, 371. Merritt, C. C., Kelley, D. (2017). What Individual and Organizational Competencies Facilitate Effective Collaboration? Findings from a Collaborative Governance Simulation. O'Flynn, J., Wanna, J. (2013). Collaborative Governance: A new era of public policy in Australia?. Siddiki, S. N., Carboni, J. L., Koski, C., Sadiq, A. A. (2015). How policy rules shape the structure and performance of collaborative governance arrangements.Public Administration Review,75(4), 536-547. Smith, T. F., Choy, D., Thomsen, D. C., Serrao-Neumann, S., Crick, F., Sano, M., ... Sharma, V. (2015). Adapting Australian coastal regions to climate change. CRC Press.

The Battle of Khaybar Essay Example

The Battle of Khaybar Paper Essay on the Battle of Khaybar The Battle of Khandaq, which took place two years after the Battle of Uhud, is one of the important battles that had an important role in eliminating the barriers blocking the development of Islam. This occured in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in the oasis of Khaybar, located 150 kilometers (95 miles) from Medina in the north-western part of the Arabian peninsula, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. Ahzab is another name for the Battle of Khandaq, which was given this name due to the trenches (khandaqs) dug around Madinah upon the order of the Messenger of God in order to stop the attack of the enemy easily. The name Ahzab (groups) was given to the battle because along with he Qurayshi polytheists, Jews, Ghatafans and many other Arab tribes and groups came together in order to attack Madinah. As it can be remembered, the Messenger of God had expelled Sons of Nadr, one of the Jewish tribes, from Madinah. They had gone to the north and settled in important places like Khaybar, Damascus and Wadi’l-Qura. They wanted to relieve the suffering they felt because of being expelled from Madinah by talking against the Prophet and Islam wherever they went and by provoking people against Muslims. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Khaybar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Khaybar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Khaybar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One of the incidents that Sons of Nadr Jews caused to happen through their provocation, encouragement and leading is the Battle fo Khandaq. As, the Prophet had signed the treaty of Hudaybiyah with the Quraysh, he was not worried about the attack. He wanted now to teach the Jews of Khyber a lesson they wont forget because they were continuously intriguing against the Muslims and trying to destroy them. Their last try was at the battle of the Trench when they stirred their allies of Ghatafan to side with them against the Muslims, even thought they didn’t fight at the battle, they still had an important hand in lighting it up. So the Prophet decided to put an end to all their tries and go to Khyber and bring it down.

Cowboys with Guns essays

Cowboys with Guns essays Cowboys with Guns during the Wild Wild West In the Old West, guns played an important role in the lives of cowboys. There were various kinds of guns that cowboys used. They fell into two categories: hand gun and rifle. The most common handguns were the Derringer and the Colt .45; as for rifles there was the Winchester. Most of the time guns were used for shooting animals for food or calming the cattle. Occasionally, a cowboy might have to use one against Indians or rustlers. On the trail most cowboys would have guns with them but they would leave them in the chuck wagon. (The chuck wagon was a cart that was usually in the back of the herd that held all of the cowboys goods.) They left the guns in the wagon because the guns were heavy and often times got in the way and could be dangerous while riding a horse. Most cowboys were not very good with guns and even one cowboy shot himself in the foot. The gun did come in handy though, especially when a stampede occurred. The cowboys would ride to the chuck wagon, grab their guns, and continue to the front of the herd where they would shoot three evenly spaced shots over the leader-cattles heads. This would usually stop the stampede. The Derringer was a small pistol with a large caliber that had two barrels, which were parallel horizontally or vertically. It could be laid in the palm of the hand and made a terrible wound when shot at close range. In some towns along the trail cowboys used Hideouts when they had to turn in their 6-Shooters. A Hideout was a Derringer that was hidden in the boot, a shoulder holster, waistband, or hung by a cord down the sleeve or coat. Cowboys would wear one so that if someone accused them of cheating they would be able to defend themselves. The Winchester was the term used for a rifle or carbine. This gun was one of the best-selling guns around. Some cowboys said that this gun could shoot for a week and not have to be reloaded. This, of c...

Non Profit Organizations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Non Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example The friend should expect a great deal of difference as per her working domains. For starters, she must understand that this is a wholly differential undertaking and it would mean that she will have to undergo work which is haphazard and without any due incentives coming to her fore. She will have to comprehend how as being the Marketing Manager at Coca Cola will she replicate the same within her realms at the not for profit organization. There is evidence in the form of understanding that the not for profit organizations do not bring in that many incentives and bonuses which Coca Cola might promise at any given times. This is suggested by the company policies of the two institutions – the not for profit organization and Coca Cola. Since Coca Cola is a thriving business which is based upon the premise of raking in a profit on all counts, the not for profit organization does not exist as such1. There is reason enough to believe that the not for profit organization would bank sol ely on getting the job done and would not warrant any benefits for its employees in the long run. Therefore, one must understand that the giant corporate enterprise (Coca Cola) would be better placed to give her a better career opportunity than the one which has been promised by this not for profit organization.... This is not the case within her role at Coca Cola where she worked as the Marketing Manager. She should expect to see that people are more laidback in their nature whilst working for the not for profit organization as they do not receive any benefits as such. This would mean that there are anomalies of different kinds and shapes within the reins of the organization2. Also what is important here is an understanding that Coca Cola believes in catering to different audiences all over the world and its scope is more broad which is not the case with the not for profit organization where their limitations are many and their incentives are minimal to state the least. In essence, these are some of the most important issues that could be drawn up within the realms of the comparison that is done for this friend whilst choosing the not for profit organization over her present day Marketing Manager role at Coca Cola. 2. You are the Marketing Director of a non profit organization focused on promo ting healthy eating habits of young school aged children. How would you do this? As the Marketing Director of a non profit organization which basically believes in inculcating healthy habits within kids to eat good food, I would first and foremost ask the publics to engage with my organization in an able capacity. Since I am the one who would have to oversee the reins of the non profit organization, my role becomes magnanimous all this while. I would have to find ways and means through which my company can move forward with distinction and a sense of ease and empathy coming from the realms of the different players that are present within the non profit industry as well as the general public for whom my organization is in operation. Therefore, my role becomes

Neo Aristotelian Analysis of Sex and the City Essay

Neo Aristotelian Analysis of Sex and the City - Essay Example According to Bushnell, the main characters of the story are based on her and her friends in real life (Degtyareva, 2005). This inspiration from real life makes the series believable and identifiable. The story is told in first person by Carrie in the form of a narration. Carrie often talks to the audience in the middle of a scene to make a specific point. The first person narration also means that we see the lives of the four women through Carrie's perspective. This is important since it impacts the "character" aspect of the Neo-Aristotelian Analysis and will be discussed in details below. The entire series is set in Manhattan and so the overall character of the city also influences the characters and their actions. At the start of the series, the audience is introduced to the four friends who are all single and looking for love. Carrie is a writer, Samantha is in public relations, Miranda is a lawyer and Charlotte works in an art gallery. The four friends have contrasting characteri stics. For example, while Samantha is assertive and aggressive and has a number of short lived affairs, Charlotte is much more traditional and believes in marriage and relationships. The four main characters hope to find love and marriage and so are shown dating a number of men through the series in an attempt to find the right life partner. The main theme repeated several times through the series shows someone of the main cast finding what seems to be the perfect man but then realizing that the said man is not the right one. Keeping this overall theme in mind, we shall now attempt a Neo-Aristotelian Analysis of the Sex and the City series. Action: The Neo-Aristotelian Analysis defines action as "any occurrence performed by a character, be it physical, mental or emotional that furthers the plot, delineates character, or explains or dramatizes a theme" (Taflinger, 1996). Action consists of eight parts. These are exposition, problem, point of attack, foreshadowing, complications, cris is, the climax and the denouement. In Sex and the City, we see these eight parts of the action being repeated in every episode, every season and in the series as a whole. In other words, every single episode had an exposition which establishes the status quo at the beginning of the episode. This is quickly followed by the problem definition as we were introduced to an issue that needs to be solved. Some kind of complication furthers the story to the crisis point which is than solved by the characters in the climax. As such, each episode is a complete story on its own and any person not following the series could still enjoy a particular episode. Just as each episode is complete on its own because it follows the eight parts of action, similarly, each of the six season is a complete story on its own. And the whole series also follows the eight actions to form a complete story which can be said to have an exposition, a problem, a complication, crisis, climax and denouement. This charac teristic off Sex and the City is common to all sitcoms wherein every episode is a complete story on its own and the entire series also tells a story. This action is extremely important for the success of a sitcom because every audience, irrespective of whether or not he/she is regularly watching the show, should be able to enjoy the episode. The aim of each episode is to hook any new viewer as well as keep the old

Psychological Profile of Albert Fish

Psychological Profile of Albert Fish Criminal profiling has always been a crucial way of solving crime in law enforcement. This type of mechanism narrows the field of investigation by indicating what kind of person is most likely to have committed a crime by focusing on certain behavioral and personality traits. It is a collection of leads, and has been described as a skilled attempt to provide specific information about a certain type of suspect. A disorganized asocial offender tends to have an unusual personality. As a child, their childhood had often consisted of physical or emotional abuse. Even in school, disorganized offenders struggled to make friends and also with academics. Usually, these offenders are described as strange, socially awkward, and unintelligent. Many are reasons why these offenders are overlooked. For example, in a homicide; the disorganized offender attacks the victims abruptly and uses un-planned or barely planned violence. Disorganized asocial offenders are only comfortable within their famili ar surroundings because of the absence of social norms and values. (Holmes, 1996, p.49) The organized nonsocial offender however, is the exact opposite. These offenders have organized characteristics that match to their own personal lifestyle (Holmes, 1996 p.50). Most of organized offenders are not often recognized because of their ability to â€Å"blend in.† Their charismatic personalities also play a role in their behavior. Even under suspicion, the offender could have the possibilities of preparing responses to benefit his own situation. When committing a crime, they try to leave and little evidence as possible (Holmes, 1996 p. In the case of a murder, the offender would not leave the murder weapon at the crime scene. Alternatively, they would take the weapon and move the body to a different location. An organized nonsocial offender is most likely inclined to use a weapon that belongs to them. Not all serial killers are the same. Although they tend to have a similar motivations, their behaviors are different from one another. Each serial killer can be identified in different sub-categories. The most recognized sub-categories are the visionary, mission, hedonistic, and control serial killers. Visionary killers are propelled to kill because of the voices he hears or visions he sees. God or the devil can be an influence to a visionary killer (Holmes, 1996, p.64). These killers would usually be out of touch with reality. With mission killers, they are the exact opposite of visionary killers. Instead of being out of touch with reality, mission killers are very active in the real world (Holmes, 1996, p.64). They are likely to gravitate to a certain group of people and are prone to target a minority. A hedonistic killer or thrill killer sexual gratification through the murder. These killers use time consuming techniques to murder their victims; this includes dismemberment, necrop hilia, mutilation, and many more. The hedonistic killer is more fixated on the killing compared to the visionary and mission killer. However, there is an extension to the hedonistic subcategory. One that does not kill for sexual gratification for a prime motive is called a hedonistic comfort-oriented killer. The hedonistic comfort-oriented killer preferably kills for personal gain. At last, the power or control serial killer, gains pleasure from the complete domination of his victim. Much like the hedonistic serial killer, a control serial killer gains sexual gratification from the murder; the only difference is having power over the victim (Holmes, 1996, p. 66). The subcategory of â€Å"hedonistic serial killer† best suits Albert Fish because he had lured children inside his home and would torture them multiple ways. Some of the acts of torture would include a paddle laced with sharp nails; he would later sexually assault them. As he continued to do these acts, he eventually murdered and cannibalized his victims, primarily children. Albert Fish is an organized nonsocial, hedonistic serial killer who is a psychopath. Methods Hamilton Howard Fish, also known as Albert Fish, was born in Washington D.C. on May 19, 1870. His father, Randall Fish, was 75 at the time of his birth making him 43 years older than his mother. The youngest of three living siblings, Fish adopted the name Albert after a deceased sibling. Many members of his family had mental illness, and one suffered from religious mania. One of Fish’s brothers was issued into a state mental institution. His sister was identified with a â€Å"mental affliction† Also, his mother experienced aural and visual hallucinations. Three other relatives were diagnosed with mental illnesses (Murderpedia). As a child, Fish suffered several traumatic events such as dealing with the death of his father and also being sent to an orphanage by his mother. At the time, Albert was five years old, the youngest in the entire boy in the entire institution. (Doidge) While at the orphanage, he was exposed to numerous acts of perversion and physical abuse which benefited his obsession with sadomasochism. Over the years, he was introduced to practices such as urolagnia and coprophagia from a telegraph boy. This led Fish to visit public bathhouses to watch boys undress. As he grew older, Fish moved to New York to become a male prostitute. In that time, he began sexually assaulting young boys (Doidge). Fish claimed to have â€Å"had children in every state† although it is not known whether his statement was true (Murderpedia). He mainly targeted African American or mentally challenged children because he believed that they would not be missed. Fish later married a 19 year old woman and had 6 children with her; she eventually abandoned him and their children for another man (Castleden). Although Fish had never abused his children, he encouraged them to participate in his sado-masochism games. This included his children using a nailed studded paddle on Fish’s buttocks. He was also known for writing a letter to Mrs. Budd explainin g in great detail the torture he put their children through, and also how he cannibalized her. He only confessed to the murders of Francis McDonnell, Grace Budd, and Billy Gaffney. Results Fish is indeed an organized nonsocial, hedonistic serial killer. Albert Fish falls into the category of an organized nonsocial offender. Although he is categorized as an organized nonsocial offender, he illustrates traits of a disorganized asocial as well. For this reason, Fish suffered from having an absent father-figure in his life since his father had died when he was only five years old. This caused his mother to send him to an orphanage in which he had became socially awkward. Another characteristic was that Fish claimed that God was persuading him to murder and torture children. His main traits are mostly found within an organized nonsocial offender. For example, Fish had used his charm on Mr. and Mrs. Budd that had gained their trust in order to lure Grace out of their home; this shows that he is able to manipulate others because he gives a good impression of himself. Fish also plans out his attacks before committing them. Albert Fish has a very high likelihood of being a psyc hopath because of the characteristics found in his behavior. His family history may have played a factor in his actions however, he had been examined several times by psychiatrists at Bellevue but was Fish was always released and declared â€Å"disturbed but sane.† This signifies that Fish is capable of manipulating and harming others around him. He has been known to be a master in disguise because of his weak and fragile old man appearance. He Fish uses this as an advantage to try and prey on his victims. References Albert Fish | Murderpedia, the encyclopedia of murderers. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2015, from http://murderpedia.org/male.F/f/fish-albert.htm Albert Fishs Childhood | Twisted Minds a website about serial killers. (2007, January 1). Retrieved January 28, 2015, from http://twistedminds.creativescapism.com/mostnotorious/albert-fish/ Cannibal Albert Fish Documentary. (2012, February 24). Retrieved January 29, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orJiXNQeScs Castleden, C. (2011). Albert Fish the Lying Cannibal. New York: Constable Robinson. Doidge, C. (2002). The Life of Albert Fish. In Profile of Serial Killers. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform. Forensic Document Examination. (n.d.). Retrieved February 4, 2015, from http://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/docs/how.html Handwriting Expert, Forensic Document Examiner, Forgery Exam. (2006, January 1). Retrieved February 3, 2015, from http://www.documentlab.com/ Hare, R. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York: Guilford Press. Holmes, R., Holmes, S. (2002). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. Montaldo, C. (2014, December 16). Profile of Serial Killer Albert Fish. Retrieved February 3, 2015, from http://crime.about.com/od/serial/p/albertfish.htm Rawlins, H. (2003, January 1). Serial Killers. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/spring03/rawlins/fishtrial.htm Taylor, T. (n.d.). ALBERT FISH. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.prairieghosts.com/fish.html

Diversity in the Workplace Essay

This diversity audit begins with a background about the company, as well as some important information about key Diversity executives. What will be addressed in the audit are what efforts Johnson & Johnson made to foster diversity competence and understand, what efforts were made in furthering the knowledge or awareness about diversity, what strategies were used to address the challenges of diversity and how will you ensure that your leaders and managers will be committed to the diversity initiative. The audit concludes with a quote from the vice president of recruiting at Johnson and Johnson, as well as their Diversity and Inclusion Programs and Activities from the Johnson and Johnson Website. In 1886 three brothers, Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson, fount the Johnson & Johnson company in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Today, the company employs approximately 128,700 people with more than 275 operating companies in more than 60 countries. The worldwide hea dquarters remains in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The company prides itself in caring for everyone in the world, they feel this inspires and unites the people who work there. Johnson & Johnson is the world’s sixth largest consumer healthy company, the world’s largest and most diverse medical device and diagnostic company, the world’s fifth largest biologics company and the world’s eighth largest pharmaceutical company. These companies together touch the lives of more than a billion people throughout the world every single day. This company, without a doubt, knows what diversity is. Their product line in itself is so diverse that I would say that diversity is what this company was built on and continues to grow from. They offer health care products that go from taking care of a skin blemish or a headache, to beautifying your hair and teeth products, to products used for metastatic breast cancer, hip placements and coronary stents, to prescription drug products treating everything from migraines to cancer a nd serious infections. According to  the company website, diversity is described as follows, â€Å"People and values are our greatest assets. Diversity is a central part of the cultures across the Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies. It’s a key to our people’s passion for improving the health and well-being of people the world over. Further, our commitment to diversity and inclusion is deeply rooted in the values instilled by Our Credo and is exemplified in a number of our companies’ programs and activities. We recognize that differences in age, race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation, physical ability, thinking style and background bring richness to our work environments. Such differences help us connect better with the health needs of people in communities around the world. We believe that attracting, developing and retaining a base of employees that reflects the diversity of our customers is essential to our success. We also believe success hinges on relationships with diverse professional and patient organizations, civic groups and suppliers†. (jnj.com) In addition, Johnson and Johnson offers mentoring programs and leadership development programs to ensure personal professional growth. During my research I found that Johnson & Johnson has supporting affinity groups that has strengthened the impact of diversity not only within the organization, but in the community as well. Some of these groups include the Community of Asian Associates at Johnson and Johnson, South Asian Professional Network and Association, Gay and Lesbian Organization for Business and Leadership, Women’s Leadership Initiative, African-American Leadership Council and Hispanic Organization for Leadership and Achievement. These groups are just the tip of the iceberg as far as diversity for Johnson & Johnson. A key executive, Anthony P. Carter is Vice President of Global Diversity and Inclusion, as well as Chief Divers ity Officer for Johnson and Johnson. In an article from Diversity Global Magazine, Mr. Carter was named a 2013 Diversity Executive of Distinction. The article stated that Mr. Carter’s focus on developing cutting edge Diversity and Inclusion programs and strategies is successful because it is aligned with the company’s strategic business objective. As I researched deeper into the company’s responsibility to its customers, employees, communities and shareholders I found that Johnson & Johnson’s respect towards these groups of people who keep the company alive is supported by Anthony’s implementation and design of an inclusive global organizational system, as  well as Diversity and Inclusion incentives. He has further developed opportunities for Johnson and Johnson to maximize their diversity. He oversees an office that implements programs such as Crossing the Finish Line, which is a career acceleration program for people of color. Programs such as these are crucial in developing world-class diverse leaders. An interesting quote by Anthony P. Carter sums up his role nicely, â€Å"Diversity and inclusion describe how we can work together to bring innovative ideas, products and services together to advance the health, well-being and the quality of life of those we serve.† (Diversity Global) In the article Harnessing Diversity to Affect the Bottom Line by Ron Dory, it was noted that one of Carter’s best practices in relation to diversity is the use of ERGs (Employee Resource Groups), which have brought in new markets and impacted the company’s growth in a positive way. Johnson and Johnson prides itself in it’s membership in the Billion Dollar Roundtable, an elite group of companies that spend a billion dollars annually on women owned and minority owned suppliers. Johnson & Johnson’s use of Employee Resource Groups or ERGs as an organization where people who share a culture or background, for example gender, ethnic, religion or age, can meet to rejoice within their culture or address issues in relation. ERGs are often chartered organizations and have volunteer leaders and business plans that are in alignment with the organizations goals and bring value to the company. Mr. Carter’s use of ERGs at Johnson & Johnson has allowed everyone to see that they are not the same but different while trying to achieve the same goals and objectives. He has also advised other companies to not move towards being the same or creating an organization where differences are not acknowledged. It appears the ERGs have allowed diversity to take a strong root within Johnson & Johnson. The have led to the company receiving numerous awards as leaders in diversity. As an example, Johnson and Johnson continue to develop world-class leaders. In September 2013, The United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce (USHCC) announced this year’s Corporate Advocate of the Year, and the award went to Johnson and Johnson’s Chief Procurement Officer for Medical Devices/Supplier Diversity, Ruben Taborda. The president and CEO of USHCC stated, â€Å"Ruben Taborda is a visionary leader who has demonstrated an unwavering commitment to fostering business relationships between minority-owned enterprises and corporate America. Mr.  Taborda is a true role model, leading by example, committed to providing concrete growth opportunities for Hispanic businesses throughout the nation.† (Global Newswire) Ruben Taborda is just another example of the success Johnson & Johnson has had implementing diversity programs throughout their company. Just from my audit I have seen their success with women, Hispanics and many other minority situations. They truly believe in what they stand for and what they are trying to accomplish in the diversity arena. In retrospect, even though Johnson and Johnson has an impeccable reputation regarding diversity, even to the point that the company thrives from the immense diversity, it is always on the top of the list of the best places work and was one of Divers ity Incs. Top Companies for Diversity, problems arise sometimes when employees or perspective employees do not see it the same way. Examples of this come in the form of lawsuits against the company for discrimination. One case in particular, Francine Parham, vice president of human resources was always bothered that there was a lack of minorities in the high positions within the company. She filed a lawsuit claiming that she did not receive a promotion because she is African-American and was then fired for speaking out against â€Å"a corporate culture of discrimination† (Gordon). Perham stated that in the lawsuit that she was told by her supervisor that he envisioned a promotion for her within the next twelve months and that she never got the promotion because that position was eliminated and that she was not qualified for a higher position even though she had excellent performance review. Perham also alleged that less qualified white men and women were promoted to higher positions and she believes this was because she is black. She also pointed out the lack of diversity at the top. Johnson and Johnson’s responded, â€Å"We have a deeply established commitment to diversity and incl usion in the workplace and deny the allegations in this case†(Gordon). There were two other cases, one in which an African American and one a Hispanic, filed similar lawsuits, accusing Johnson and Johnson of paying them lower wages and denying promotions to people of color. After ten years, that case was dismissed. Despite the fact that five of the highest-paid executives at Johnson and Johnson are white, four of them being men, and ten of the twelve directors are white with no women of color on the board, Calvert Investments still rated Johnson and Johnson’s diversity an 85 out of 100. They have an  abundance of internal minority groups and minority recruitment outreach efforts, they are a strategic partner of Minority Business Round Table and they sponsor scholarships for minority students. (Gordon) I believe that companies such as Johnson and Johnson, with such outstanding reviews regarding diversity, and notable for their roles in diversity, are sometimes an easy target for people who are looking for lawsuit settlements. Reverse discrimination plays a large part in this process. It is very easy for a person, especially one of a protected class, to claim discrimination, especially against mega companies such as Johnson and Johnson. These people know that the company would not want their reputation tainted so they make false claims to try and get whatever they can from the company. So the five highest paying executive in Johnson and Johnson may be white, but they also may be the most qualified, they may have worked the hardest to get to that point and they may be the most dedicated thereby deserving every dollar they earn. In my own experience, in managing a small local business, it is the qualified, hard-working, dedicated and reliable employee that will be promoted, no matter what the race, gender, religion, etc. According to Global Dynamics Inc., â€Å"leading healthcare provider, Johnson and Johnson has been rated, by Diversity Inc. Magazine as the #1 company for promoting diversity and inclusion in the U.S. Diversity and Inclusion (D&I) are regarded as critical factors in making Johnson and Johnson one of the â€Å"best places to work† in the U.S†. Although Johnson and Johnson met some challenges when they wanted to expand its Diversity and Inclusion initiative globally, they succeeded in meeting those challenges and the initiative was a success. Town hall meetings led by local leaders and web-based training reached several countries within the regions, live video conferences and live international video meetings were introduced and became groundbreaking for Johnson and Johnson. This resulted in improved employee morale, productivity and communication. (Global-Dynamics) In conclusion, my diversity audit of Johnson and Johnson showed they are a major player in the diversity arena. They have diverse employees, market their products to diverse groups and have initiatives in place to expand lead their company diversity even further in the future. An article in the NY Times sums it well by stating, â€Å"Johnson and Johnson’s achievements in diversity, in concept and in practice, succeed in bringing value to all those  con stituents† (Forsythe). Johnson & Johnson is a company that is focused on building their brand by building superior products and understanding the importance of diversity in achieving success in the global marketplace. They have made diversity an integral part of their processes including procurement, supply chain, product development, information management, sales and marketing, and community service. My audit research of Johnson & Johnson showed they are a worldwide leader in all of the above and they make a concerted effort to lead other companies in the same direction. Having all the initiatives and being part of outside organizations that push diversity allows them to exert pressure necessary to achieve diversity in the workplace throughout the world. The NY Times article also quoted Marjorie Geller, Vice President of Recruiting as saying â€Å"There’s no question about it, our commitment to diversity has a powerful impact on our recruitment and our talent-development processes, as well as the products we offer to customers. We try very hard to assure that our diverse culture translates into value for our customers, our employees, our communities and our stockholders† (Forsythe). The following is the Diversity and Inclusion Programs and Activities from the Johnson and Johnson Website: Throughout our companies, a wealth of programs and activities support our belief that a diverse, inclusive culture is essential to business success. Following is a sampling of these activities. Employee Resource Groups Employee resource groups are voluntary, employee-driven groups that focus on shared interests and experiences and look to apply those perspectives to initiatives that create value for the enterprise. These groups provide support, networking as well as personal and professional enrichment opportunities for their members such as mentoring, community outreach, supplier diversity, career development and cultural awareness activities. Mentoring Programs Mentoring is widely offered throughout the Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies as formal or informal programs. We look to expand learning opportunities and support development of a diverse workforce by making these  nurturing relationships available to an ever increasing number of employees across the enterprise. In the spring of 2010, Johnson & Johnson introduced a custom, web-enabled mentoring service called Mentoring Works! that contributes to the Global Diversity & Inclusion strategic objective of building a culture of inclusion. Mentoring Works! is an enabler for talent development, employee engagement, and effective knowledge transfer as it makes it easier for people to connect, network and learn from each other. Diversity University Recognizing that education is essential to learning about the benefits of diversity and inclusion, we have established the Johnson & Johnson Diversity University. Diversity University is a dynamic online website designed to help employees build the competencies and the skills needed to understand and value differences and the benefits of working collaboratively to meet our Credo commitments and business goals. Diversity University includes a variety of guides, toolkits and resources for self-guided learning; a strong elearning curriculum that includes Diversity & Inclusion Fundamentals, Building Trusting Relationships in a Global and Diverse Environment, and Leveraging Diverse Thinking Styles: The Whole Brain ® Advantage; as well as links to other interactive portals providing cross-cultural education and skill building exercises. Office of Diversity & Inclusion The Office of Diversity & Inclusion was formed as a functional group within Johnson & Johnson to drive diversity & inclusion as a business imperative and to ensure a competitive advantage. The Chief Diversity Officer reports directly to the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Johnson & Johnson. The team serves as business catalysts, executing a global diversity strategy that enables Johnson & Johnson to win in the global marketplace. (JNJ.com) Also of interest is the following web address which shows the details of Johnson and Johnsons Diversity and Inclusion Business Model: http://www.jnj.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Global%2BDI%2BCall%2BOut.pdf References: Diversity Global. Retrieved from: http://www.diversityglobal.com/tops.aspx?id=Anthony-P-Carter-1449 Dory, R. Harnessing Diversity to Affect the Bottom Line. Epoch Times (Oct 10, 2013). Retrieved from: http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/313845-harnessing-diversity-to-affect-the-bottom-line/ Forsythe, J. (2005) Leading With Diversity. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/marketing/jobmarket/diversity/jandj.html Global-Dynamics (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.global-dynamics.com/johnson-johnson Globe Newswire (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/09/25/575887/10049970/en/USHCC-Honors-Ruben-Taborda-of-Johnson-Johnson-with-Corporate-Advocate-of-the-Year-Award.html Gordon, C. Fired Johnson & Johnson Exec Claims ‘Culture Of Discrimination (July 2013) Retrieved from: http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2013/07/15/fired-johnson-and-johnson-discrimination/[->0] JNJ.com (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.jnj.com/about-jnj/diversity [->0] – http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2013/07/15/fired-johnson-and-johnson-

Learning and Memory

Learning and Memory Jessica A. Rountree, Brenda Bejar, Lisa Jackson, Derek Delarge PSY340 November 14, 2011 Dr. April Colett Learning and Memory On the surface learning and memory are connected easily. When an individual learns to walk, they retain the information in the memory. The learning process is something that happens every day. As human beings we are programmed to learn life lessons, and retain them in our memory. The memory keeps pictures, smells, experiences, and tastes for us to learn how to live our lives. Learning is the experiences we have, and memory stores this information (Pinel, 2009). It is as simple as that. However, researchers have found how the brain functions while retaining memory. A closer look into learning and memory one find’s it is not quite that simple. The brain, although protected by the skull, is a fragile organ. A blood clot, a blow to the head, or drug use can damage the brain enough that learning is stunted, and memory does not exist. For an individual who cannot remember 20 years of their life due to a car accident is going to experience psychological damage as well. It is not just the absence of memory itself, but the fear as well. Learning and memory are something that the majority of individuals take for granted. There are those that can learn, yet not retain memory. Amnesia patients often can retain motor skills, a learned skill, however, cannot recall memories. Memory and learning deficits affect an individual to life’s core. Depending on what type of deficit is occurring learning and memory may not be related. Retaining the ability to walk means learning is still in place, however not knowing what you had for breakfast is memory. Knowing how to eat is a learned response to feeling hungry. The mind works the knowledge presented to it. Whether that knowledge is carried properly thought the process of the brain is a different story. An individual can experience death so many times they learn it is a part of life. However, it is the memory that betrays us. Learned information leads to memories. Long-term potentiation (LTP) shows facilitation of synaptic transmissions following an electrical stimulation at a high frequency. This study was done mostly on rat hippocampus. The hippocampus is where the process of learning and memory take place. During research on rats it was found that the co-occurrence of firing presynaptic and postsynaptic cells must fire at the same time to induce LTP (Pinel, 2009). Hebb’s postulate for learning is the assumption this co-occurrence is physiologically necessary for learning and memory. He states the axon of cell A nears cell B and excites it. This closeness talks part in firing. Growth processes or metabolic changes take place in both cells (Pinel, 2009). Even to the smallest molecule learning and memory are intertwined with one another. Misfires of these cells can cause poor learning and retention. Researchers would not know the extent of the unique relationship between learning and memory if not for the rat experiments. What makes learning possible is also what makes memory possible. The neurons take information to the hippocampus where it is divided, processed and stored. In Pavlov’s conditioning experiment, he learned that a conditioned response can be created from memory (Pinel, 2009). Given the limits on information processing capacity, the specific details encoded and retrieved in memory come at the expense of other details. Comparing the types of details and processes that individuals from one culture prioritize over others offers insight into the type of information given priority in cognition, perhaps reflecting broader cultural values. The properties of memories and the types of memory errors people commit offer a window into the organization of memory. In terms of types of memory errors, if people falsely remember conceptually related, but not phonologically related items, it suggests that the meaning of the information is critical to the organization of memory, whereas phonological information is not (Chan et al. 2005). Information can be encoded not only in terms of its precise properties (e. g. , remembering the unique perceptual features of an item) but also in terms of its gist, or general thematic properties (e. g. , a category or verbal label). One example of highly specific memory representation comes from the literature on priming. Priming occurs when prior experience with an item facilitat es a response. Its effects are implicit: they do not rely on conscious recollection the item encountered previously. Although people respond to different examples of the same item (e. g. , a different picture of a cat) more quickly than to unrelated items, suggesting facilitation from prior exposure to a related item, the benefit is smaller than it is for a repeated presentation of the original item (Koutstaal et al. , 2001). The functions of the brain are well known for the control of the functional memory and learning and how the two have become interdependent. When individuals begin to stimulate the memory is when the learning occurs. Stimulating learning incites memory. With the knowledge at the center of the attention, it is imperative to stimulate the brain through lifelong learning so that one can start to achieve longevity and quality of life (Khorashadi, 2010). The brain is the organ is responsible for what we refer to as the mind. The basics of the mind are feeling, thinking, wanting, learning, behavior and memory. Memory is the fundamental mental process of the brain. If  as  humans if we  not have memory then we are  capable of simple reflexes and stereotyped behaviors. There are two different types of memory the declarative memory and the non-declarative memory. The examples of a declarative memory are semantic memory, which is the general memory, and the episodic memory, which is the detailed memory. Then the non-declarative memory is the skilled learning, priming and conditioning. Memory and learning are the most studied subjects within the field of neuroscience. Memory is a behavioral change caused by experiences, and learning is a process that is acquired by memory. Memory makes it possible to obtain pervious learning skills. There are different types of  memory along with learning. Memory has temporal stages; short, intermediate, and long. The successive processes capture, store and retrieve information within the brain. There are different parts of the brain that process different aspects of the memory. It is known that a patient that suffers from amnesia will become memory impaired. With the two types of amnesia retrograde and anterograde the loss or inability to form memories will occur. With learning there are also different types the non-associative learning associative learning. These different types of non-associative are known as the habituation, which is a decreased response to repeated presentation of a stimulus. The distribution that is the restoration of a response amplitude after habituation. Then there is the sensitization that increases responses to most stimuli. There is also the associative learning that involves the relations between events. Classical conditioning is the neutral stimulus paired with another stimulus that elicits a response. The instrumental or operant conditioning is association is made between the behavior and the consequences of one’s behavior (Okano, 2000). Learning and memory are interchangeable processes that rely on each other. When memory-related neurons fire in sync with certain brain waves memories last. Theta oscillations are known to be involved in memory formation, and previous studies have identified correlations between memory strength and the activity of certain neurons, but the relationships between these events have not been understood. Research shows that when memory-related neurons are well coordinated to theta waves during the learning process, memories are stronger. When memory-related neurons in the brain fire in sync with certain brain waves, the resulting image recognition and memories are stronger, than if this synchronization does not occur (CSMC, 2010). In society, he or she widely accepted the necessity to be a lifelong learner if one is to thrive in today’s rapidly changing, economy, and technologically global society. Today’s economy ushers in adjustments and transitional challenges at several levels, and lifelong learning viewed as the vehicle that will empower individuals to meet and adapt to the challenges of today’s technological society according to (Jarvis, 1992). Too often today the knowledge and skills obtained from previous life experiences has become insufficient to respond to technological and economy question of today. The lack of accord that lies between an individual’s external world, and internal biographies that has been gathering over one’s lifetime, is a point of disjuncture. This is the point in one’s life that ushers in and ideal time, and condition for higher learning (Jarvis, 1992). A decision an individual must make at this point with a response to this disjuncture. An individual must decide to further their education to keep up with technology, or proceed with life as normal. With the ever-changing world of technology today it is only a matter of time before the point of disjuncture becomes inevitable. The traditional theory of the human brain was that it was a fixed and limited system, and it would develop its potential at the younger years of life. The theories insist that neurons were finite and could not regenerate. The contrast with the animal research has proven that new brain cells can be born in the hippocampus region responsible for new learning and memory. With this revelation the individual pursuit of activities that will foster brain health by developing neuron connections that underlie learning and experiences. Learning is imperative to human, and brain health. It is also imperative to quality of life. Today intuitions have financial incentives for people to continue lifelong learning has become a part of several health care programs. It is imperative that older Americans understand that learning is a healthy activity, not only for the brain, but for physical, emotional, and Spiritual, conditions as people age. . The learning and memory process is more delicate than individuals believe. However, the brain is an organ that can be exercised. It is important to remember to try to learn new things, and keep the brain moving. The brain and the mind are connected physically, and metaphysically. In order for the mind to be at ease, the brain has to function normally. Without normal brain function, an individual can experience depression. This depression can cause a slowing of the firing process causing false memories. The biological function of learning and memory are connected with one another in a delicate balance of connectivity. An electric charge between one neuron and another incites learning, and readies the memory. Perspective can change our learning process. An individual tends to learn something that interests them, rather than something that does not. The interest in the activity sends a stronger signal to the brain. This strong electric current incites the learning process, which makes memorizing the task much easier. This is why it is a strong belief that learning and memory are created by cells becoming close enough to respond to each other. An interest jump-starts this process. A healthy mind achieved through learning can reduce the affects of Alzheimer’s patients. More proof that as long as the brain is stimulated learning and memory can still take place. Reference Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (2010, March 24). When memory-related neurons fire in sync with certain brain waves, memories last. Retrieved November 14, 2011 from http://www. brandeis. edu/gutchess/publications/Gutchess_Indeck. pdf Chan, J. C. , McDermott, K. B. , Watson, J. M. , & Gallo, D. A. (2005). The importance of material-processing interactions in inducing false memories. Memory & Cognition, 33, 389–395. Jarvis, P (1912) Paradox of learning on becoming and individual in society. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publisher. Khorashadi, M. (2010). Differential effects of estrogen on memory processes and learning strategies: A selective review of animal studies. Mcgill Science Undergraduate Research Journal, 5(1), 24-29 Koutstaal, W. , Wagner, A. D. , Rotte, M. , Maril, A. , Buckner, Okano, H. (2000). Pnas. Retrieved from http://www. pnas. org/content/97/23/12403. full http://www. pnas. org/content/97/23/12403. full Pinel, J. (2009). Biopsychology (7th edition). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. R. L. , & Schacter, D. L. (2001). Perceptual specificity invisual object priming: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a laterality difference in fusiform cortex. Neuropsychologia, 39, 184–199. Learning and memory The goals of the course are to provide students with foundational knowledge in behave viral neuroscience which includes contemporary theoretical issues and research methods, to encourage studs nuts to think now, and into the future, about the role of the nervous system in all psychological processes, to beg in to develop the ability to read and interpret original research articles in behavioral neuroscience and to practice CE writing skills. Lectures: Regular attendance at lectures is required. Textbook reading assignments are meant o provide additional breadth and background for the material discussed in lecture.It is assumed that the assigned readings will be completed before class. Exams: Your comprehension of the lecture and reading materials will be assessed by 3 exam s and a final exam. Exams will be in multiple choice format. Together they will comprise 75% of the final grade. The final exam will be given on FRIDAY 12/11/2009 from 8:00 – 11:00 AM. This is the only time the final exam will be given. Exemptions from taking the exam at the scheduled time will only be gar need under college and university exceptions (e. G. , no more than three exams in one day), or to students who have serious illness or family emergencies.Therefore, please plan accordingly. Article Summaries: One goal of the course is to build foundational knowledge in behavioral neuroscience , including contemporary theoretical issues and research methods. While we will discuss the results of many r search studies, we will also read and discuss original research articles in order to give you a fuller appreciation f or the theoretical issues and search methods. You will be required to read each article and to write a brief (no more than one page) narrative summarizing the article.The articles will be available via Blackboard and w ill be announced in class and on Blackboard. Grades on summary papers comprise 10% of your final grade. Neuroscience in the Media Paper: Another goal of th e course is to encourage students to think now, and into the future, about the role of nervous system in all psychological processes. To encourage such broader thinking, each SST dent will be required to iscuss an example of â€Å"physiology in the media† (movies, television, music, magazine nest, newsprint, etc).This term paper will discuss and critique an example of physiology in the media with r preference to original scholarly research articles on the topic. The Media Watch paper will comprise 15% of the final grade and is due on December 4th 2009. To facilitate the Neuroscience in the Media paper project, a b rife description of the media example that will be the basis for your paper is due on October 7th and a bill graphs of original research articles for the topic is due on November 6th.